Memo Review

Occasionally a person working with a department at a company is required to pass on information to another department or a supervisor. Because the executive vice president has requested information on inventory valuations, it is necessary to make this memo professional and accurate. The use of information must be explained to the company officers so it should be considered that they are not aware of the jargon used by accountants. Summarized below are the changes in the interoffice memo relating to accounting jargon and abbreviations.Also included is the requested information on First In First Out (FIFO) and Last In First Out (LIFO) method, but this topic is changed for easier understanding. When revising the memo it is changed from casual to professional and formal. In this case the memo in question is concerning the FIFO and LIFO methods and the effects of the methods on the company. This requires explaining each valuation method in terms of the profit and loss on the income statem ent and the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS).This needs to be detailed without being condescending. The last paragraph about the lawsuit by Macy’s is not necessary to include since this information does not affect the retail industry’s inventory valuations methods. The accounting jargon of elastic pricing and an inflationary economic time needs to be changed to professional wording. In the case of elastic pricing, it would be appropriate to state that the company’s prices are flexible because of the industry demands, so the inventory methods need to reflect this to maintain a profit.Inflationary economic time can be explained as coming into a period of inflation. These two changes will advise the senior officers what is important to consider without adding unnecessary information The last part of the memo that must be stressed is the law that state no matter which inventory valuation the company decides to use it must continue to use this method for the complete accoun ting cycle.An accompanying recommendation based on the previous financial statement could be added to help with this process or an explanation on how each inventory method would affect the company’s profit would be important. Upon completing the review of the interoffice memo an employee will often find there must be changes made before it can be sent on to the intended recipient. This will require eliminating interoffice jargon and abbreviations. The memo must meet the requirements of the demand of information and the station of the person receiving it.Business communication can be formal or casual depending on the relationship of the people interacting and the final destination of each communication. This is important to remember when composing any business communication.References Leisker, R. V. , Flatley, M. E. , & Rentz, K. (2008). Business communication: Making connections in a digital world (11th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. University of Phoenix Online. (2010). Bus iness Communications for Accountants. University of Phoenix: Accounting Memo. Memo Review Memo Review XBCOM/230 Whenever an individual is doing work for a division of an organization, it is important to transmit information to other divisions and the supervisors. The executive vice president wanted information on stock values therefore the memo should have been professional and correct. The data in the memo should have a description to the organizational officials. The use of jargon in a memo is not professional. Jargon, rubber stamp, and cliches are usual for accountants to use when they are interacting with other accountants.Rubber stamps convey the result of usual treatment, unlikely to win over readers positively. This kind of treatment inform readers that the author does not have particular concern for them, and the current case is dealt with in the same manner as others (Rentz, Flatley, & Lentz, 2011). Summarized under are the modifications in the interoffice memo pertaining to the accounting jargon and abbreviations. The interoffice memo requested that we provide a review of last in/first out (LIFO) against first in/first out (FIFO).The memo alters from casual to official while revising the data. In this instance, the memo is about the FIFO and LIFO techniques and the outcomes of the techniques of the organization. Description is needed for each valuation technique with regard to the profit and loss on the income statement as well as the cost of goods sold (COGS). The final part regarding the legal action by Macy’s is not required to incorporate since this information has no effect on the retail industry’s inventory valuation techniques.The accounting jargon of elastic pricing as well as an inflationary economic time alters to professional phrasing. In the matter of elastic pricing, it will be suitable to say that the company’s rates are flexible within the industry requirements. Thus, the inventory techniques must reflect this to keep a profit. As getting into a time the rising cost of living, inflationary economic times have a description. Both of these modifications will suggest the senior officials what is important to think about without adding useless information.The final portion of the memo should stress the regulation; regardless of what inventory valuation the organization determines to use it should carry on using this technique for the whole accounting cycle. An associated suggestion, depending on the last fiscal statement adds this to assist with this process or a reason of how each inventory technique would impact the company’s profit would be essential. After doing the overview of the interoffice memo, a worker will frequently find there are modifications made prior to delivery to the supposed receiver.Proofreading and editing is essential to get rid of interoffice jargon and abbreviations. The memo should meet the requirements needed information and the place of the individual receiving it. Business communication can be official or casual based on the relationship of the indiv iduals communicating, and the ultimate location of each communication. This is important to keep in mind when crafting any business communication. References: Rentz, K. , Flatley, M. E. , & Lentz, P. (2011). Lesikar’s business communication: Connecting in A digital world (12th ed. ). Boston, Ma: McGraw-Hill.

Building Positive Relationships in Children Essay

To help your child understand feelings you could do a feeling chart or make a feeling tree in your home. To make a feelings chart just draw out faces with how there expression might be when they are feeling that way an do the expressions yourself when showing them. This will give your child a better understanding of their feelings and how they can express them through facial expressions. For a feeling tree its much the same idea as a feeling card but you just take in a branch from a tree and stick the faces with the expressions on it.this will help a child express themselves when they can’t do it through facial expressions. The Significance of friendship Buy them some books with plenty of colourful pictures with the theme of friendship and them to them.this will help show them how nice it is to have friends and how to make them and keep them. It is only after the age of three that children can incorperate other children into their playtime activities so at around this age ask other parents if they would like to make a playdate for their child and yours n a regular basis.this will get your child used to other childrens company.you can also talk about what they did together at dinner or quiet time alone and encourage them to do it again. Communication and Respect To help your child with communication you need to be a good example to them.talk to them as much as you can about your day and ask how theirs was.even talking about their favourite tv programme would be good as they will be more likely to talk about something that they’re interested in. To teach them about respect you need to set a good example for this as well. Giving them boundaries will also help and treating them with respect will encourage them to do the same to you. Factors that impact/Motivate children Tou tourself have a major impact on your child.they learn from how you react to situations and other peaople and will use this as a guide for themselves. Also the tv programmes that they watch will make an impact on them and can also motivate them to try new things that they wouldn’t of thought of themselves. .

Classroom Observation Essay

The opportunity that was given for our class to visit Ozark Elementary was so great. Being able to see how other surrounding districts conduct their business is such great insight. I have been to three other schools in the past. Each time that I visited a new school, I would pick up something new to stick in my tool belt to use in my own classroom one day. Having seen a variety of classrooms during my visit at Ozark Elementary was very beneficial to me. Each teacher conducted themselves in a different but professional ways. Their teaching styles were different, their classroom setups were different and so were many other things. One thing that all the teachers had in common was they were all working towards being a strong support system for their students by guiding them on their journeys to becoming proficient readers and writers. During my visit I was paying close awareness to how the classrooms were arranged. None of the classrooms that I was able to observe in was messy or cluttered. The classrooms felt homey and welcoming. Some rooms had the desks in rows, some in groups and a few classes had their desks in a â€Å"U† shape. I really like how organized the rooms really were, it makes for a better learning climate in the classroom. The main classroom that I was in had only a few anchor charts up on the walls. When it was time for me to observe a whole group mini lesson I noticed the anchor chart that connected with the spelling lesson. Along with a few educational anchor charts on the walls, this teacher had a huge bulletin board dedicated strictly about the different corners in her classroom. The students were able to use this board to direct them to where they need to be. The board had a picture of each corner that was in the room for the children to use. I did not get to witness the whole group lesson in this class but I did come in during the guided reading time. When it became the time to split up during guided reading the students were able to come look up at the board and figure out which area they needed to be in by finding where their name was on the board. Each corner also was labeled by color. The color card that was next to the child’s name was the area that they were to be in until the bell rang. During the time that the students had in their corners, the teacher was working with a small group of about 5 for their guided reading time. She was evaluating the students as they read through their books that she picked out for them. As they were reading she was writing down notes about each child. I thought it was so neat to see that time play out. The students were all mostly on task. They knew what they were supposed to be working on and that she was off limits so that way she could direct her attention better towards the students in small group. Much differentiation took place in these corners that the students were in. She had areas that appeased those auditory learners, kinesthetic, and visual learners. Throughout the areas in the class the children were able to learn the way that they feel most confident about. The auditory learners were able to listen to a book on a CD and follow along in the book. Kinesthetic students were able to get their hands on words to make sentences. The visual learners were able to use the smart board to do activities that helped them learn a concept better. I could tell that she had spent a lot of time building this routine with her students. It was like clock work watching her students do what they were supposed to be doing. When the bell went off, the students knew that meant it was time to clean up and switch areas. I definitely know that this was a positive community atmosphere. The students all had low voices and were collaborating with one another when they needed help so that way the teacher would not be interrupted during her small group time. The teacher created this in her classroom to insure that all of her students feel comfortable and supported as they grow in becoming independent readers. The word that kept popping up in my head while the students were all working like they were supposed to was â€Å"self-regulated†. This allowed the learning in the areas of Reading and Writing and also allowing her to assume a facilitators role during their experiential learning opportunities. In the mix of all the things I was learning, I noticed the teachers focusing more on positive behavior rather then only the students misbehaving. During a kindergartens whole group learning time, they were all sitting on the carpet together next to the teacher. They were working on sounding out sentences that the teacher had written out. I kept hearing, â€Å"I like the way _______ is sitting criss-cross applesauce and the way _____ is not tapping their friends shoulders† etc. I remember being in the younger grades and always hearing the words: no, stop, and don’t do that. I love that way the teachers are handling the different behaviors now. I also noticed that instead of always pointing out the negative when the student is misbehaving that the teacher would just use close proximity. Several teachers I seen that day use this method. They would walk up close to the student and nicely put hand on shoulder. That student then knew ok it was time to stop and listen. I think a lot of the positive behavior I seen when observing was coming from the PBIS program that Ozark has implemented. I noticed as I left each room, by the door inside each classroom is a chart of how to act in each area of a school. All the classrooms said the same thing. I think this does a lot with eliminating the confusing that students have on how to act with whom and what is or is not expectable during certain times. I really hope to work for a district that implements this support program. I see the effects of it being more positive then anything else I have ever observed. In visiting a lot of different classrooms that day I really loved the third grade class I got to observe the most. It was so fun to see the kids actively engaged in what they were learning. The class was participating in learning the parts of a letter. Before all the students came to the carpet for instruction they had the chance to get their wiggles out. The teacher played the best Youtube video that had Sid in it from Ice Age. He was doing the Sid Slide. It was a 2-3 minute video playing music to where the students had to dance out to. It was so fun to watch them really get in the groove and let out some energy. This was very useful because as the students went to the carpet for instruction they were not as wiggly as they would have been without having the time to let it all out. During the instruction carpet time the students were engaged in learning the part of a letter by standing up using their bodies to form a letter. This was a way for the students to be active and have a device to remember the parts. It turned into a game between the teacher and the students. She would say â€Å"date† and they would grab their head, and then say â€Å"signature† and they would touch their feet and so on. Not only were they being active and learning it but each part of a letter was listed on the anchor chart being used on the board. I think after the students went back to their seats it would have been a good time for the teacher to give the students 30-60 seconds to re-teach to a shoulder partner what they learned. This would have gone along with cooperative teaching and given the students a chance to recap what they just learned. The teacher then could have gone around and listened to hear some of the things the students were saying to their partner and used that time as an evaluation. The students did not care that we were in the classroom at all. I do not even think they knew we were there; they were so focused and engaged. I gained a lot of knowledge and ideas during the short time we were observing. I would really like to go back again. I know when I have my own classroom I will have to develop a structured and fluid reading model that will maintain productivity while I meet with students in small groups for guided reading. I also now see the importance of the details of scaffolding necessary to turn emergent readers into fluent readers. Above all, I learned that my student’s overall well-being will be of the greatest consideration in the planning and performance of precise and engaging learning activities. These teachers have mastered what works and I can not wait to execute all these ideas and activities.

Religious Beliefs and Government Leadership Research Paper

Religious Beliefs and Government Leadership - Research Paper Example 1-2). Although Romney (2007) cites the influence of religion in the principles of America’s founders, he also states that times has changed, and the emergence of cultural diversity in America requires leaders to maintain their objectivity when making public policy. With his speech, it is evident that Romney supports the notion of Church-State separation, although he admits that his Mormon faith helped shape his values and perspectives in life. In analyzing the speech of Obama and Romney, one can say that both leaders support the separation of Church and State affairs, particularly in their presidential candidacy and in creating leadership policies. For instance, both leaders cite the necessity of providing state benefits and programs that will benefit the majority, regardless of religious beliefs. Thus, although religion influences the decisions of public leaders, politicians should exercise control over their personal opinions lest their opinions violate the beliefs and right s of the majority. However, considering Romney’s argument on faith as a source of one’s fundamental moral principles, one can say that religion, in one way or another, influences how leaders develop their strategies (p. 4). This idea is also evident in Obama’s (2006b) argument about the religious freedom through defining ethics in social interactions (paras. 18-23). Consequently, as a political leader, Obama argues that leaders should take concern of their policies, particularly in the way those policies affect the relationships of the majority. Considering the two speeches, one can say that leaders cannot escape from the influence of religion in their policies, and this is because of the innate tendency of human beings to draw conclusions from our... This paper stresses that the Church-State separation may be considered one of the most challenging aspects of the society, considering that one should maintain objective judgment on critical socio-political aspects. This is particularly true among political leaders, who have to face the challenges of leadership while aligning their values with their existing leadership policies and religious beliefs. For instance, the arguments of Obama, Romney, Cuomo, and Kenney illustrate the challenges of becoming a political leader, which is resolving a crisis while maintaining their diplomacy and religious neutrality. The author diclares that Church-State separation also regulates the power of both political and religious leaders wherein neither can advise the people on their political and religious preferences, particularly during elections. considering the potential biased portrayal of religious traditions in the current pluralistic American society, Obama states that leadership strategies sho uld focus on generating policies that strengthen diplomacy as this ensures objectivity. Relatively, as Obama focuses on the influence of religion on interactions, one can say that Obama’s view on his political office is merely a neutral ground wherein he can discuss policies without having to consider his religious opinions. This report makes a conclusion that Cuomo and Kennedy support the idea of isolating oneself from religious and political influence when creating public policies. Considering that legal enforceable rule on Church-State separation, one can say that presidential candidates should not be evaluated according to their religion. American citizens, regardless of religious beliefs, have the right to establish their political views without undergoing the same religious prejudice that they wish to eradicate in the society.

World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World War II - Essay Example The understanding of what caused the war and how different countries entered into war has been complicated by Adams. Adams (20) indicates that the blame of World War One was on Germany. This made Hitler to be filled with rage considering in his view that the myth of the cause of the war held a bit of truth, but not the entire truth. This brings about the complications. â€Å"No Easy Answers† Unlike the simple version of history that suggested that it would be easier to defeat dictator countries if they were stood up against earlier, Adams says that the exact timing to stand against the dictators was not precise; he goes on to give an example of Italy, Britain and France that united against Germany in the mid1930s (Adams 21). Adams says that the nation waited until 1939 to fight, unlike Italy that had earlier fought its dictators in the mid 1930s and had ended up depleting its military resources. Those that fought in 1939 were stronger because they had more advanced equipment. What confuses the reader is the fact that the idea of fighting the Germans earlier was never explained at all. ‘Appeasement’ as tried by Britain and France according to Adams (21) was thought to be the cause of the war but like the ‘deterrence’ for the US and allies also failed. ... Some people were of the view that people were capable to govern themselves. This stirred arguments from those opposing the issue, stating that self-government caused indecisiveness and chaos, they argued that the nations needed stronger leaders. â€Å"The Patterns of War, 1939-1945† Adams discusses how the war progressed. The Germans used the defensive tanks during war. The Germans were defeated and this was caused by the fact that the left their intact imperial military and administrative elite that never supported democracy. They were of the right wing group who were violent defenders of German honor (Adams 24). The two had an objective of destroying communists and overturn the Versailles treaty. The Germans employed a defensive combat strategy; they were on a mission to ensure victory. Russia was important in defeating the Germans because they would have aided in the stand against Hitler. The year 1942 was a â€Å"swing year† because it was in that year that many uni ts of war were less successful because of the Russian counter attacks. Unlike the others, Germany defense was more effective. Japanese strategy during the war was to expand its territories in Asia and the needs for raw materials that they dint have. This was the same strategy that the Germans in which the end was the defeat of both groups. â€Å"A New World† The last chapter of Adam’s book has been named â€Å"A New World†. This is so because after the war, the American soldiers were to return to their states. It was a new world out of the war zones and back to their societies who were awaiting their return. The end of the war led to a very bitter relation between the two strong nations that were rivals during the war. When the veterans returned home, some were welcomed back while some had hard

Ideological Criticism of PHAT Girlz Research Paper

Ideological Criticism of PHAT Girlz - Research Paper Example The roots of the preference for a slender body can perhaps be traced back to ancient Greece and to Plato. This preference was, however, more due to what can be termed as the mind/body dualism in which the mind was considered to be superior and the body slowly. In fact, Plato advocated that the body was a hindrance and distraction to the clarity of the mind and should, therefore, be regulated and controlled. Early Christianity promoted an even greater mind/body split in which absolute denial of all earthly desires and appetites was a state to be achieved. A fat body was therefore undesirable. Throughout the ages, various methods were used to reduce weight. Socrates danced every morning; fat was surgically removed in ancient Rome. The concern with dieting took on new dimensions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. â€Å"It was at this point [†¦] that the word ‘diet’ began its evolution from its initial meaning in English, of a regime stipulating cer tain types of food to remedy illness, to its modern usage of losing weight.†The discrimination between fat and slim was however largely applied to the male. It was only â€Å"at the height of the industrial revolution that the gendered nature of FAT and the body which we see today came into its own.† (Cowley 37)The PHAT Girlz is the story of an overweight girl, Jazmin Biltmore. Jazmin is an aspiring fashion designer. The fact that she is fat puts her at a disadvantage in almost all spheres of life. She has had to fight it out right from school.

Public transportation vs driving a car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public transportation vs driving a car - Essay Example car owner pay a lot of money for such things as fuel, car taxes, vehicle inspection, insurance, washes, maintenance, fines, repairs, and parking (Automobile Association). Two out of ten unintentional injury deaths take place while transportation. The risk of passenger’s death varies greatly depending on the means a person chooses to travel. In this regard, public transport is safer. For example, during 2006-2008, more than 14,000 of car passengers died in car accidents while the number of deaths of passengers who took buses is about fifty (National Safety Council). Finally, public transport does less harm to the environment than private transport. Overall, transportation in the United States accounts for about 28% of greenhouse gases emissions. Of this, buses, trains, and ships emit only 7% while 34% is generated by private cars (Pubtrantravel). Automobile Association. "Car Running Costs."Â  The AA. Automobile Association Development Ltd, 7 Jul 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2014. .

Respect all Personsdescribe respectful behavior and discuss how it is Essay

Respect all Personsdescribe respectful behavior and discuss how it is important in student life and your professional career - Essay Example In the United States, proper care is given high importance by the federal government. This calls all the working medical profession to protect this right by giving proper care to all people â€Å"regardless of their personal attributes or life situations† (ANA 6). In the hospital environment, a nurse handles more than one patient to take care. This can be distressing, but a nurse nourished with respectful behavior should not show this mood explicitly to any of the patients and to the other hospital staff; the key word is self-control. As nurses, they should be able to practice their tasks effectively and professionally such as listening attentively, "exhibit empathy and understanding," and to be "fair, consistent, and empathetic" (Ulrich, et. al. 8-9). These attitudes should be maintained even during a nurse’s personal problem. Another factor in the concept of respect in the nursing profession is the cultural diversity of the patients. With respect to culture, the nurse s should be oriented first with the background of the patients they are about to handle.

Chronic illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chronic illness - Essay Example As a continuum, palliative care addresses the physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the patient and family which cannot be handled by one single agency lest it would cause fragmentation of care. It therefore follows multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary (integrative) care is the backbone of palliative care. With the integration of inputs from various disciplines in accordance with stage of the disease progression, pain and other symptoms, psychological state of patient and family, social and practical requirements and available resources, palliative care becomes a multifaceted care with the involvement of primary care and specialist doctors, nursing staff, social worker and many others in a coordinated manner ensuring continuity of care (Mitra & Vadivelu, 2013, p. 17). Thus, palliative care has been defined as the patient and family-centered one seeking to optimize their quality of life by treating their suffering which includes anticipation and prevention of the suffe ring by addressing their â€Å"physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual needs† (NCP, 2013, p. 12) throughout the continuum of illness â€Å"ensuring patient autonomy, access to information and choice† (NCP, 2013, p. ... e, its physical aspects, psychological and psychiatric aspects, social aspects, spiritual, religious and existential aspects, cultural aspects, care at the end of life and ethical and legal aspects. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 (PPACA) also has mandatory provisions for both hospice and curative care under Medicaid or Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). It emerges therefore that philosophy and delivery of palliative care has the following characteristics. 1. Provision of care through coordination by an interdisciplinary team. 2. Care needs are determined by collaboration and communication among the patients, families, palliative and non-palliative care providers. 3. Concurrent availability of services along with curative or life-prolonging care. 4. Provision of support to patient and family throughout the period of illness, dying process, and after death (NCP, 2013) The NCP guidelines were revised in 2009 and 2013. The ten year working of the NCP has witnessed 47 % increase in the number of hospice programs and 148 % increase in non-hospice palliative care programs. It has been reported that in the United States about 1,059,000 deaths out of 2,513,000 deaths occurred under the care one of over 5,000 hospices in the year 2011. That is, 46 % of deaths have been under the care of the hospices. It is also claimed that hospices help reduce Medicare program expenditures. One study reveals that cost for the terminal year of life was reduced by an average $ 2309 per patient under the care of hospice. (NCP, 2013). Integrative care Authors interchangeably use the terms â€Å"interdisciplinary† and â€Å"multidisciplinary† but they do not mean the same though they represent contributions from variety of disciplines for individual patient care.

Drugs trafficking in the US Mexico border Essay Example for Free

Drugs trafficking in the US Mexico border Essay There has been an argument about drugs trafficking in the US Mexico border. It has been said that with effective and sustained financial aid from US, Mexico should be able to dramatically reduce drug trafficking and the violence it generates. I disagree with this idea because the origin and history of drug trafficking along the US-Mexico border indicates that not only Mexico is responsible but USA is also responsible for drug trafficking. Though US financial aid may help to reduce some of the problem, it cannot decrease demands and consumption of drug in USA and Mexico and in turn reduce drug trafficking. I believe strongly that the root cause of drug problem in Mexico- USA border is insatiable demand and consumption by the US population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The drug trafficking laws (Dunn T.J., 1996) had their source in smuggling of various narcotics in the end of 19th and early part of the 20th century. At this time, US joined a dozen other nations to sign up the Opium International Convention as opium was the only drug that was used mostly. Mexico also ratified this decision. Later in 1914, US altered the law so that it could start charging tax on opium and its derivatives. The new act was called Harrison Narcotic Act. Anybody found in illegal possession of opium and its derivatives was charged by the federal government. USA stepped its efforts to curb illegal possession of opium by declaring that addicts of narcotics could not be prescribed with drugs. This forced these addicts to start operating black markets in order to get these drugs. Here we can see clearly this high demand by addicts and opium consumption in US led to drug trafficking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To take advantage of the new market in US, Mexicans, Chinese and European Americans started operating along the borders in rings, partnership or in gangs. This led to an increase in the role of Mexican cities as centers of these businesses. It is the demand that led the smugglers, border bootleggers and traffickers to increase their efforts along the border. In 1959s due to the effects of opium usage and social problems, various narcotic acts were passed like Boggs act of 1951 and the narcotic act of 1956. They were meant to give police and prosecutors powers to deal with the increasing number of drug users. By this time Mexico had taken a firm stand against opium but the laws became ineffective due to the high demand for drugs by the consumers which guaranteed ready market to the supplies. Therefore, the root cause of these drugs is the high demand and the ready market was available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The proliferation of drug use and trafficking in US (Dunn T.J., 1996) was because of USA unrealistic policies about drug abuse. USA drug war budget in 2005 was 20 billion dollars while in 1981 it was 2 billion dollars. Mexico has accused by USA of increased drug trafficking smuggling and usage. This is attributed to the heavy investment it has and increased militarization in the border. USA felt that Mexico was not doing enough to fight against drug abuse. They hoped that if trade and tourism was interrupted along the border, then Mexico would feel the pinch because there would be fewer customers. They accused Mexico of failing to fight drugs. They tightened their borders so that Mexico would change its position on conflicts in Central America as well as in other foreign policies. Mexico did not welcome this idea but continued pursuing its independent policies and harshly criticized USA for its failure to address the main causes of the drug problems. These are the insatiable demand for drugs and high consumption in the USA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Mexico, due to the lack of enough funds and training of police forces and the weakness of the judicial system, criminals who arm themselves with crude weapons know that there is no chance of them being caught and punished. There have been cases where the perpetrators wear police uniforms and drive vehicles that resembled those of the police casting doubts whether police were not involved in the crime (Dunn T.J., 1996)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   USA has been issuing warnings to Mexico through its emissary in Mexico blaming it for not working hard enough to end the state of lawlessness. The Mexico government rejected this and accused them of fostering this state of lawlessness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mexico called upon both governments to work constructively in combating the crime. The US government was accused of its failure to control dangerous weapons which are used. For these reasons, Mexico should not be blamed alone for its failure to control these drug businesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective and sustained financial assistance from US cannot fully help to reduce drug trafficking and violence that it generates but still it can help. For example if it is provided, more policemen could be trained and put along the borderline where this illegal business takes place. They would be able to control the flow of illegal arms that are used by these drug dealers. It is also true that people whose per capital income is very low and their health and social problems are increasing daily are the ones who deal with drugs. So if US could offer financial aid could be channeled to this end. I think drug business would drop significantly though not completely. No matter how much aid US government can channel, the problem cannot be solved because the root causes are not addressed. These are demand and consumption, business thrives because where there are many consumers hence high demand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the fight against drug to be effective, both government should stop blaming each other and work on modalities to solve this problem for once and for all. The Mexican government should take a firm stand on these drug dealers just like USA. Also, US should stop blaming Mexico and address the conditions that are favoring this drug business.       Reference: Dunn T.J., 1996. The Militarization of the USA Mexico Border 1978-1992: Low   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intensity Conflict Comes Home. University of Texas, Austin.

Effects of Macroeconomic Policies upon a Single Organization

Effects of Macroeconomic Policies upon a Single Organization Understanding the Tree by Knowing the Forest The analogy of the forest and the trees is particularly apt in illustrating the difference between macro- and micro-economic areas of concern. Whereas microeconomics ‘operates’ at the level of the individual firm, manufacturer or even individual consumers, macroeconomics is principally concerned with the national or even global aggregate issues of these entities. In other words, if single firm is a tree, macroeconomics is concerned with the policies that ‘drive’ the forest. Thus, it must be kept in mind, the goals of the tree may not always be furthered by following the governance of the forest. Similarly, the policies that are best for the forest may not be in the best interests of any one tree. Utilizing this perspective, a brief examination shall be made of how macroeconomic â€Å"forest† policy might affect a single organizational â€Å"tree†. Depending on semantics and the exact metric utilized The YMCA is arguably the world’s largest human service organization. This nonprofit organization was founded in 1844 in London and rapidly spread across the world, now being active in over 140 countries. In the United States the YMCA has approximate 2,500 branches with nearly 20,000,000 members. Each of these operating units is independently governed by a local board of directors who hires the CEO. This position runs is the operations end of the business and is immediately responsible for the hiring of all other employees. Some operating units are quite small, perhaps having less than 10 employees while others have several hundred or more. Financial impact of a unit, in terms of projected revenue, could range from less than one hundred thousand dollars to nearly $100,000,000 (personal communication, J. Bean, retired YMCA Senior Director, October 6, 2005). One of the key concerns of macroeconomic policy is to maintain optimal employment levels (Keifer 1999, p. 59). While the wage policies of a single organization are very unlikely to affect the forest, a minimum wage policy does certainly affect individual organizations. On October 1, 1996, the US minimum wage increased from $3.85 to $4.75 per hour and increased again effective September 1, 1997 to $5.15 per hour (US Department of Labor, 2005). Though businesses had months to consider and adjust, the net effect, in the end, was that a 34% wage increase was evidenced. In an organization such as a YMCA unit, this had the potential of having serious consequences as there are a number of operating parameters different from many other businesses: The YMCA is a nonprofit organization. – While still being run as a â€Å"business†, the operating margins of nonprofit firms are typically much slimmer†¦ there are no real â€Å"profit margins†, there are no dividends or bonus and there is no excessive executive compensation. The YMCA employs and extensive part-time work force. – Many of these individuals are either entry-level or accept entry level wages. The YMCA is a service driven organization. – In many private sector businesses, firms get very nervous if total personnel costs exceed 30% of budgeted expenses. In a YMCA, depending on the exact program mix in a specific community, it is not uncommon to see human resource costs occupying 60% of the budget. With these factors in mind, it is easy to see how increases in minimum wage can disproportionately affect the bottom-line of service driven organizations. In 1996 or in 2005 (were their to be additional increases), there are but a number or strategies to be deployed. First, one can make ‘budget cuts’ and trim service levels. For a nonprofit meeting the needs of the community, this is generally unacceptable. A second solution is to increase the efficiency of human assets so that you are doing more with less. For example, if one had 10 employees at minimum wage ($5.25/hour) for an hourly expense of $55.25, the goal would now be to somehow â€Å"re-engineer† the process so that only six employees are required. This approach is a good one†¦ in the long run. In the short run, additional funds must be invested, often in technology, so that workers efforts are leveraged to a greater extent. Also, a potential problem with this solution is that many YMCA programs invo lve youth for which there a either government or organizational policies in regards to staffing ratios (i.e., in infant childcare programs, the ratio must not exceed one staff to four children). A third option is to increase revenue to cover the additional expense. In a YMCA, this can be achieved two ways: Increase earned revenue by increasing program fees. In this situation, increases would likely be tolerated as there is a bona fida increase in the cost of doing business. Increase contributed income by philanthropy. Faced with increasing operating costs and a compelling need for a program service, donors are often quite willing to help out a benevolent organization who demonstrates principles of good stewardship with existing assets. While employment policies are one example, the field of macroeconomic policies is one in which there is seemingly no such thing as an isolated variable. Increases in minimum wage policy are likely to trigger inflation (Knoop 2004, p. 39). Inflation, in turn, increases the cost of doing business, particularly as the cost commodity goods such as gas, oil, electricity and water increase. Again, the same three strategies present themselves to the operators of enterprise. A final example of how macroeconomic policies can impact the organization in question is that of federal monetary policy. While a nonprofit organization does not play the market per se, money is often borrowed for capital projects. A loose fiscal policy will drive interest rates down, creating opportune times for consideration of borrowing funds. A related consideration is the overall tone of the market. As nonprofit organizations are often the beneficiary of financial instruments, the specific tax advantages set by federal fiscal policy have an effect upon the generosity of some donors. In summary, the politics of the forest have a tremendous effect upon the trees. While the policies may, in the short run, create mild operational havoc, we must have some faith that the forest has our best interests at heart as a strong forest is better for all trees. Works Consulted Knopp, T. (2004). Recessions and Depressions: Understanding Business Cycles. Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, US. United States Department of Labor. (2005). History of Changes the Minimum Wage Law. [online] http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/coverage.htm. Accessed October 6, 2005.

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry Essay -- Papers

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry There are many social benefits to a fast food industry. Firstly, it’s the accessibility and convenience of having the fast food restaurants – they’re located practically everywhere. The service is also fast, hence â€Å"fast food† and therefore maximizing the convenience of them to consumers. Most of the time, the products of the fast food industry are cheap, tasty and therefore have good value for the product. The existence of so many fast food restaurants also means lots of play areas for children (as there are very few playgrounds in most places, the some industries such as McDonalds have playgrounds) and also social areas to â€Å"hang out† in, for young adults. The existence of these industries also benefits the government (as they provide lots of employment opportunities to local people and thus reduce any unemployment problems). As well as providing jobs into their business, they also provide jobs into other businesses related to them. For example as the fast food industry increases the suppliers increase and expand and therefore they create more jobs for other people. As well as this, the expansion of the fast food industry also means increase in taxes which help the economy and government. The fast food industry may also sponsor local charities or sports teams, which benefits society. However, there are also many social costs in the existence of the fast food industry. These costs include health, choice and culture costs. Health-wise, the existence of the fast food industry means the existence of deep-fried, salty and ultimately unhealthy food. Many people don’... ... certain areas. Culture is also being affected badly by the expansion of the fast food industry. There’s the globalization issue. The fast food industry expands worldwide which damages local restaurants and national culture – as the restaurants with local traditions are being driven out. One example of this is McDonald’s golden arc versus the Christian cross. It has been proven that the golden arc is recognized more often than t he Christian cross. By comparing the social benefits and the social costs of the existence of the fast food industry, it can be seen clearly that social costs outweigh the social benefits of the fast food industry. It is shown that the community suffers much more than it benefits from fast food restaurants. Therefore society is worst off with the existence of the fast food industry.

Essay --

After studying the sonnet of Shakespeare, I think if the emotion between two men is only called male friendship, Shakespeare‟s sonnets assert too much love to be addressed to a man. It seems ridiculous that Shakespeare, a moral man addressed abundant affectionate sonnets to men. His poems use language of love: â€Å"lord of love†, â€Å"eternal love†, â€Å"my lovely boy†, â€Å"my friend and I are one†, â€Å"thou mine, I thine†. Those languages sometimes can be regarded as non-sexual friendship, in Shakespeare‟s work; they are certainly the language of sexual love. Many of the sonnets are saturated in the language of longing and desire; they showed some sorrow about the lacking of the male friend‟s â€Å"sweet love†. There are many explicit and implicit clues in the sonnets that show the male love in Shakespeare‟s heart. Next I want to turn to the plays, the male love are even more distinctly open to interpretation than sonnets. And some interesting things I found that is if the plays are open to gay readings then those readings will have their own kind of rationality. Some male characters in Shakespeare openly betray idealized intensity of affection for other men comparable to that expressed by the persona of the sonnets. One is Antonio, a comparatively minor character in Twelfth Night. It is easy to portray him as an older man enamored of a younger Sebastian who only partly under the nature of Antonio‟s affection, and such a description successful build a kind of sad atmosphere which saturate the pain of unreturned love. The male love brought out far more clearly not at the end of the play but in Antonio‟s first appearance. He and Sebastian appeared on a bed in which they had clearly just slept together. Indeed, Stephen Orgel has described Antonio ... ...ul is that maybe even Shakespeare can not answer the question that whether Bassanio, sometimes when a story is created, the emotions of characters do not all under controlled by the writers. In other irresponsible words, only Bassanio can answer the questions for us but maybe he does not want to say anything. Before talking about Shakespeare‟s racism of shylock, we can firstly focus on some background information. Shakespeare‟s plays showed his awareness of the ineradicable enmity between Christian generosity and the Jewish fixation on money. According to Stanley Wells, Shakespeare may be actually a German. How ever, not matter Shakespeare is belongs to which country. Nazi Germany should congratulate that Shakespeare can stands for them to show the understand of the racial psychology The merchant of Venice is a anti-semitic story which obviously appealed to the

The Power of Tuesday :: Definition Essays

The Power of Tuesday The word "Tuesday" originates from the name of the God of war, sky, and courage known as Tiw who was one of the Anglo-Saxon Gods. There are many different translations of his name, which are Tiwaz, Tyr, Ziu, or Tir (The Nordic Story, p.1). The Germanic translation of Tuesday was Tiwes-daeg or the day of Tiw (Tiwesdaeg, p.1). Tiw was one of the most powerful, original, and oldest gods known to the Anglo-Saxons and Germanic people. Tuesday to us today is the second day of the week. People also celebrate Mardi Gras, which is known as Fat Tuesday in New Orleans. There they celebrate by having a big feast. Tiw was one of the most powerful gods during the Germanic period but was eventually overthrown by other gods. Even though he was overthrown, he was still a strong symbol to the people. When the people went to war, they had a symbol of him stamped on their weapons representing his strong role as the god of war (Tiw, p.1). During the Roman period, Tuesday was known as "dies Martis" or the day of Mars (Tiw, p.1). There is also a story about how Tiw (in the Roman times known as Tyr) loses his hand to Fenris the wolf that many of the gods fear (The Nordic story, p.2). The story says that the gods try to tie up Fenris so that he can not hurt anyone, but they had to trick him with a string specially made. They finally get Fenris to allow them to tie him up by betting to see how strong he is. One of them has to put his hand in Fenris's mouth so that he would think they are not tricking him. Since most of the gods fear Fenris, the only god brave enough to put his hand in his mouth is Tyr.

Aligarh Movement – Essay

Syed Ahmad Khan was the first man to start a reform movement among the Muslims. This movement was known as the Aligarh Movement. To him Quran was the only authentic scripture for Islam and all other Islamic writings are secondary and misnomer. For the safety of the Muslim community in India, he wanted to maintain cordial relation between the Muslims and the Bruisers. Further, he wanted to provide modern education to the Muslims. For educating the Muslim society, Ahmad Khan established an English Medium School at Ghazipur in 1864. Later on he established ‘Vegan Samaj' for translating English books to impart scientific knowledge to the Muslims. To materialise his dream, he established Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh which developed into Aligarh University in 1890, thus, the Aligarh movement was instrumental in spreading western education among the Muslims and developing religious fundamentalism within them. For achieving that end, he organized a Mohammedan Educational Conference which fostered unity among the Muslims and spread western education among them. Taking chance of it, Theodore Back, the first principal of the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College and his successor Mr. Morrison spread communalism among the educated Muslims. The Aligarh Movement was instrumental in the social, economic and educational progress of the Muslims in India. Due to the predominance of the Hindus in the national awakening, Ahmad Khan launched this movement to safeguard the Muslim interest. Being deeply impressed by the western education and culture, Ahmad Khan wanted to incline towards the English administrators of India and advised the Muslims to remain loyal to the British authority. In 1893, he formed the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defense Association of. India and limited its leadership only to the Muslims. By this, he wanted to keep the Muslims away from politics. Syed Ahmad Khan also opposed the All India Congress. Thus, the Aligarh Movement made the Muslim fundamentalism strong. The Bruisers capitalized this by sowing the seeds of communalism among the Muslims and followed their principle ‘divide and rule' to secure their position in India.

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ACCOUNTANCY 301 ACCOUNTING MEASUREMENT & DISCLOSURE FALL 2011 COURSE SYLLABUS Po-Chang Chen University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 434 Wohlers Hall [email  protected] edu 217-333-4527 Syllabus Content Content Course Overview & Objectives Course Materials Prerequisite Learning (Teaching) Philosophy Getting Help Class Procedures Assessment Written Assignments Balanced Scorecard Project Measurement Project Examinations Professionalism Potential Extra Credit Opportunities Potential Course Problems Special Accommodations Preliminary Course Calendar Page No. 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 Important Note: Changes to the syllabus will be announced in class and posted to the website. Students are responsible for checking the web regularly ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen Course Overview & Objectives ACCY301 provides an introduction to measurement and reporting of organizational performance for strategic and operational purposes with a focus on a variety of financial and non-f inancial performance measures suitable for both internal and external decision-making. The course will help you develop the accounting knowledge and a variety of professional skills and attitudes through inclass interactions, projects, and a series of labs. More specifically, the course is designed to achieve the following objectives: 1. To demonstrate the role of accounting as an information system that measures business value creation and supports economic decision-making. 2. To develop your understanding of the conceptual foundation of accounting measurement. 3. To develop your knowledge and skills to prepare and interpret information in financial statements by helping you learn how to analyze business activities and make accounting choices. For instance, you are expected to be able to understand the consequences of accounting choices for assets such as inventory, PPE, and intangible assets. 4. To demonstrate the role of subjective judgments in accounting measurement and disclosure and lead you to critically think about ethics issues in the accounting profession and accountants’ responsibility in society. 5. To develop your ability to use accounting as a business language to communicate effectively. 6. To foster team spirit among you and develop your ability to work well in teams. Course Materials 1. Revsine, Collins, Johnson and Mittelstaedt, Financial Reporting & Analysis, 5th Edition (McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011); 2. Course packet of readings published by XanEdu (available at TIS Bookstore); 3. FASB publications downloadable from the FASB website (http://www. fasb. org/); 4. Other readings in required readings folders on the Compass course website, including FASB pronouncements required for the course; 5. Cases and individual assignments in a folder on the Compass course website; 6. Other supplemental materials in designated folders on the Compass course website. Prerequisite You must have completed ACCY 201 and 202 (or the equivalent), and must have completed or be concurrently enrolled in ACCY 302 if you are an Accountancy major. Concurrent enrollment is strongly recommended for non-Accountancy majors. Learning (Teaching) Philosophy Learning is a process of construction. That is, knowledge is a state of understanding in the mind of the individual knower and must be constructed by each individual through iterative processes of experimentation (application) and reflection on the outcomes of such experimentation. Thus, learning is a process involving interaction among students and between students and the instructor. To achieve efficient and effective learning, I will strive to provide: 1. Personal concern for your education and development as a professional, 1 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen 2. Fair and honest learning environment, 3. Openness to your ideas and opinions, and 4. Personal commitment to excellence in scholarship. Correspondingly, I expect the following from you as my student: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thorough preparation of assignments (both reading and written) for each class, Class attendance and active class participation, Active participation in and contribution to group projects, Fairness and honesty, Openness to the ideas and opinions of others, and Personal commitment to excellence in scholarship. Getting Help If you have any questions regarding the course, you can get help either from me or from my TAs during our office hours or by appointment. If you wish to set up an appointment with me, please send me an email at [email  protected] edu suggesting three possible 30-minute time slots we could meet. Please avoid Mondays and Wednesdays from 12pm to 4pm, as these are my teaching time slots. I will confirm the time and date of the appointment via email. My contact information: Po-Chang Chen Office: 434 Wohlers Hall Phone: 217-333-4527 Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday 4pm –5pm Teaching Assistants: Office hours location: BIF 2056 or BIF 2062 Ben Ger Email: [email  protected] edu Office hours: Thursday 2pm-3:30pm Michelle Erb Email: [email  protected] du Office hours: Tuesday 2pm-3:30pm Class Procedures The class format includes a mixture of lecture, group activities, and class discussions of assignments. The assigned cases, problems and activities represent practical illustrations and applications of the concepts presented in the readings. Cases, problems and activities are meant to stimulate inductive reasoning à ¢â‚¬â€œ the reflective reasoning from observations and particulars to concepts and theory that we can utilize more generally. That is, knowledge that we can use in situations other than the specific situation in which it arises. The inductive risk, however, is that such knowledge is only probable and thus, contains an element of falsity. Student Groups I will assign students to four- or five- person groups. These groups are assigned for the entire term and group members should sit together in class. Each assigned group should accomplish the assignments designated as group assignments. The assigned groups also should accomplish 2 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen the balanced scorecard and measurement projects. Class Preparation and Participation I encourage students to prepare for class within their assigned groups. Appropriate class preparation is both an individual and a group responsibility. I may call on either groups or individuals to present assignment solutions and contribute to class discussion of the issues and problems contained in the assignment. The keys to successful problem- and case-based learning are preparation, attendance, participation, and attitude. While I encourage preparation within study groups, each student is responsible for daily preparation and participation in class when called on. I seek to engage the class in a mixture of activities. During class discussion you should discuss, challenge, and criticize ideas. You should express your thoughts and defend your beliefs using reason and logic. Assessment The course grade is determined based on the following components. Assigned points (percentage) Professionalism Assignment write-ups Group write-ups1 (25 points each for best four) Individual write-ups (20 points each for two) Balanced Scorecard and Measurement project (12% report, 4% presentation)2 Three examinations (15% each midterm, 20% final exam) Lab participation and assignments4 Total 1 2 00 (10%) 140 (14%) 100 40 160 (16%) 500 (50%) 100 (10%) 1000 (100%) For group assignments, 75% content and 25% grammar and style. For the report, 75% content and 25% grammar and style. For the presentation, 25% content and 75% presentation skills. 4 Lab participation and assignments grade is 100% based on the lab grades from the lab instructor. I scale the distribution of major elements of the course (see below) to the grading scale below. Overall course grade also employs the same grading scale. †¢ 100 to 96. 67% of possible points = A+; †¢ 96. 66% to 93. 33% = A; †¢ 93. 32% to 90. 00% = A–; †¢ 89. 9% to 86. 67% = B+; †¢ 86. 66% to 83. 33% = B; †¢ 83. 32% to 80. 00% = B–; †¢ 79. 99% to 76. 67% = C+; and so forth. 3 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen Written Assignments All written assignments should be handed in at the beginning of class on the case due day. Papers deemed late are subject to a score of zero. Group-based assignments: There are five group-based written assignments. All group-based written assignments are graded for both content and communications. For communications grading, you are encouraged to seek help from the Department’s communications graders before submitting your work. Written and oral communications support is available through the Department of Accountancy. Please refer to the following website for the support information: http://www. business. illinois. edu/accountancy/programs/communications/. For the final grade assessment, one group-based assignment that has the lowest combined grade of content and communications will be dropped. Note that any written assignment that has a grade of zero due to no submission or late submission is not considered for grade. You should prepare all group-based written assignments in compliance with the following guidelines: 1. Unless otherwise specified, assignment write-ups should be in memo format (see both ACCY Memo Guidelines and Project Discovery Communications Handbook on the course website for additional guidance). 2. You should type the assignment using 12-point Times New Roman font, with double spacing and one-inch margins on all sides. 3. Unless otherwise specified, your memo should not exceed five pages of text including any attached or embedded tables, graphs and exhibits. 4. Unless otherwise specified, you should submit two (2) copies of the assignment, one for content grading and the other for communications grading. If in addition, you would like to use the memo and attachments to refer to during the day’s discussion, bring a third copy to class. Individual-based assignments: There are two individual-based cases that involve primarily numerical analyses and short answers. The individual-based cases are graded for accounting content only. Therefore, you do not need to prepare them in memo format. You should submit one copy of each individual assignment. Balanced Scorecard Project In this project, you will choose an extracurricular organization to which one or more of your group members belong. You will then design a Balanced Scorecard for the organization chosen by your group. More details of this project can be found in the Balanced Scorecard Project Guidelines on the course website at a later point of time. The outputs of your efforts will be (1) a written report and (2) a presentation to the class of your balanced scorecard design. Th e Balanced Scorecard Project Guidelines will also contain additional information about the written report and the class presentation.. Measurement Project In this project, I will assign a company and a specific reporting period f o r yo u r gr o u p to evaluate. You should download the company’s annual report from its website. In addition, groups should use other reports and information disclosed by the company, and/or other entities, in 4 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen conducting its research of the company. Groups will research their assigned company using the research and analysis guidance in the Measurement Project Guidelines on the course website. The outputs of your research and analysis efforts will be (1) a written measurement project report and (2) a presentation to the class of the most important results of your research. The Measurement Project Guidelines will also contain additional information about the written reports and the class presentations.. Examinations There are two midterm exams and one final exam for this course. The two midterm exams are non-cumulative. The final exam is comprehensive (cumulative). Each exam will include multiple choice questions, short essay (one or two paragraph) responses, and problems. All examinations are closed-book and closed-notes. Professionalism As a student preparing to enter the profession of accountancy, you have a responsibility to conduct yourself in a professional manner. Fulfilling this responsibility helps to prepare you for the obligations you will assume as a professional accountant. The IFAC fundamental principles of professionalism are adopted in this course as a guide to our conduct in the accountancy measurement and disclosure course. Please refer to the Professionalism Contract and Professionalism Evaluation Report Guidelines for more details. Potential Extra Credit Opportunities You will have opportunities to earn potential extra credit by participating in professional learning or service activities. Please refer to the Professionalism Evaluation Report Guidelines for details about those extra credit opportunities. Potential Course Problems Academic Integrity The Business Faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign expects students who are preparing to enter the business profession to exhibit the same qualities of honesty, integrity, responsibility, and respect for others that society demands from business professionals. The primary responsibility for complying with the standards of academic integrity rests with each individual student and with the student body as a whole. By your enrollment in this course, you pledge on your honor that: 1. You will neither give nor receive unauthorized assistance on any academic or related professional assignment or activity. 2. You agree that all provisions of the UIUC Student Code related to student conduct and academic integrity bind all students matriculating to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 3. You acknowledge that you have the obligation to report apparent violations of academic integrity and the Student Code in a non-anonymous manner to the course instructor or the Head of the Department. Missing Classes and Examinations and Failing to Turn In Assignments I expect students to attend classes. Midterm examinations are in scheduled class times and thus, the only acceptable reasons for missing an exam are sickness and other extenuating circumstances. You 5 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen must provide me with adequate documentation of your reason for missing an exam. There are no make-ups for failing to turn in an assignment by its due date or missing an exam for other than an acceptable reason. In the case of a conflict with the final exam (defined as three university course exams scheduled within a twenty-four hour period, or two university course exams scheduled at the same time), I will arrange for a make-up exam only when approved by the department. A conflict exam approval form can be found on the course Compass website close to the final date. No make-up exams will be given for conflicts that arise from travel plans. You will need to provide documentation to support the conflict; the staff in the Department of Accountancy will then verify the conflict and you will be notified of your eligibility. You will not be allowed to take the conflict final exam if your request is denied by the Department of Accountancy. The instructor will request the Dean of the College to drop any student from the course who: †¢ Misses both midterm exams, for whatever reasons; †¢ Misses too many classes, particularly in sequence; †¢ Fails to contribute adequately to group assignments (i. e. , class presentations, case writeups and measurement project research and reports). Group Conflicts and Problems Group members should attempt to resolve all conflicts and problems among themselves in a timely manner. If such resolution is not satisfactory, group members should consult immediately with the course instructor. In any event, groups should not allow problems to continue beyond a one-week period. At the end of the semester, students will evaluate each fellow group member’s cooperation and contribution to group assignments. Such evaluations will be included as part of the Professionalism element of course grades. Grading Dispute While TAs and I make every effort to grade all of your work accurately, grading errors can occur. If you believe there is an error, you may request a regarding of the assignment or exam. Be aware, however, that grading errors can occur in both directions – errors can make grades too high as well as too low. Therefore, if you request a re-grading, your entire assignment or exam will be regarded, and all grading errors will be corrected. By requesting a re-grade, you accept the possibility that your grade may go either up or down as a result. To request a re-grade, you must submit a written request to me within one week from the class period in which the assignment or exam was first returned to students. The request must be accompanied by the graded original and must state the area of dispute, your recommendation for change in grade, and an explanation or justification for your recommendation. Special Accommodations If you have a condition, such as a physical or learning disability, which will make it difficult for you to carry out the work as I have outlined it or which will require academic accommodations, please notify your Teaching Assistant or me during the first week of the course and we will strive to accommodate. 6 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen Preliminary Course Calendar Date 1 Topic Readings Before Each Session COMP: Course syllabus Assignment Due Mon 22-Aug Course introduction 2 Framework for Accounting Measurement and Disclosure Revsine et al. , Ch 1 Economic and Institutional Setting for Financial Reporting Objectives & economics TIS: Sunder, Ch 1 Introduction to the Theory of Wed 24-Aug of accounting Accounting and Control (skim) FASB: SFAC 8 Ch 1 Objectives of Financial Reporting by Businesses (skim pg 1-14; use as reference) (Compass) Mon 29-Aug Accounting measurement FASB: SFAC 8 Ch 3 Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Accounting TIS: Brown, An Accountant's Measurement Primer (pp. 1- 8) COMP: IMA Statement, Value Chain Analysis for Assessing Competitive Advantage; TIS: Porter, What is Strategy? Labor Day No Class! Case day TIS: Kaplan & Norton, Transforming the Balanced Internal performance measurement Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management: Part I Revsine et al. , Ch 2 Accrual Accounting and Income Determination Financial statements 1 FASB: SFAC 6 Elements of Financial Statements (skim, use as reference) Group Case 1 3 4 Wed 31-Aug Business strategy and accounting Mon Wed 5-Sep 7-Sep 5 6 Mon 12-Sep 7 Wed 14-Sep 7 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen 8 Mon 19-Sep Financial statements 2 Revsine et al. , Ch 4 Structure of the Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows FASB: SFAC 5, Recognition & Measurement in Financial Statements (skim, use as reference) (on Compass) FASB: FAS 157, Fair Value Measurement (para. 1-39) Group Case 2 9 Wed 21-Sep Recognition and measurement Recognition and Measurement – Selected Events/Transactions 10 Mon 26-Sep Revenue recognition-1 Revsine et al. Ch 2 Accrual Accounting & Income Determination (re-read) FASB: Research revenue recognition in FASB Codification Revsine et al. , Ch 3 Additional Topics in Income Determination (pp. 137- 156) Group Case 3 11 Wed 28-Sep 12 Mon 13 Wed 3-Oct 5-Oct Revenue recognition-2 Case day Midterm Exam 1 Accounts receivable & doubtful accounts Trade notes receivable Case day and usefulness of accounting estimates Retail inventori es and cost flow assumptions BSC Presentation Day Manufacturing inventories Case day Midterm Exam 2 4 Mon 10-Oct 15 Wed 12-Oct 16 Mon 17-Oct 17 Wed 19-Oct 18 Mon 24-Oct 19 Wed 26-Oct 20 Mon 31-Oct 21 Wed 2-Nov Revsine et al. , Ch 8 Receivables (pp. 411-421) Revsine et al. , Ch 8 Receivables (pp. 421-436) TIS: Brown, Time Value of Money TIS: Lundholm, Reporting on the Past Revsine et al. , Ch 9 Inventories (pp. 481-507) BSC project presentation and report Revsine et al. , Ch 9 Inventories (pp. 476- 481) TIS: Maher et al. , Ch 3 Activity-Based Management Group Case 5 Group Case 4 8 ACCY301 Course Syllabus—Po-Chang Chen 22 Mon 7-Nov Fixed assets 23 Wed 9-Nov Intangible assets Revsine et al. , Ch 10 Long-Lived Assets & Depreciation (pp. 545-558; pp. 563 -576) Revsine et al. , Ch 10 Long-Lived Assets & Depreciation (pp. 558- 563) Individual Case 1 TIS: Siegel & Borgia, The Measurement and Recognition of Intangible Assets Revsine et al. , Ch 4 Structure of the Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows (re-read pp. 196-207) Revsine et al. , Ch 17, Statement of Cash Flows Revsine et al. , Ch 5 Essentials of Financial Statement Analysis (pp. 267-271) TIS: Bergevin, Ch 11 Advanced Cash Flow Analysis Thanksgiving Break. No Class! 4 Mon 14-Nov Statement of cash flows – I 25 Wed 16-Nov Statement of cash flows -II Mon 21-Nov Wed 23-Nov 26 Mon 28-Nov Statement of cash flows case and Final exam review Individual Case 2 27 Wed 30-Nov Measurement Project Presentation 28 Mon 2-Dec Measurement Project Presentation Final Exam Measurement Project Report 29 Wed 7-Dec TBD Readings legend: TIS – Measurement and Disclosure course packet from XanE du Revsine et al. – Revsine, Collins, Johnson & Mittelstaedt textbook, 5th edition COMP – â€Å"Required readings† folder on Compass website FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board website 9

Econ Why People Skip Class Essay

I have come to the conclusion that students skip classes because of their own moral beliefs and decision making process, difficulty in the class and the material, and how interested they are in the subject. The decision making is affected by influences typically from other students most of the time. To the contrary students typically use practical decision making process that range from comparing advantages and disadvantages of attending lectures, also calculating the impact of their workload, and attempting to optimize their use of time. Difficulty in the class and material stand out to be that if they don’t find the material challenging or if they are doing well in the class, they may decide to allot time they would otherwise spend on the class (including attending lectures) to classes they find more challenging, especially at the busiest and most pressure filled times of the semester. Last and not least is the interest of the subject by the student. Its common sense that a student would attend class if his interest is high in that course, but if not interested students would tend to ‘‘slack’’ and find it easy to abolish themselves from the class, However this is beyond the professors control. Generally I have found that if a student generally finds the material the professor is teaching interesting, and he/she is able to connect with students through lecture (put in a way that makes sense), then the professor doesn’t have trouble making the material interesting for students. The opportunity cost for this hypothecs is if you don’t have good decision making, or understanding the material that’s presented to you, and not interested in the class, you are more than likely to skip classes.

Autism and Rain Man

Autism and Rain Man In the movies things are portrayed in ways that are supposed to make the movie sell, which means that movies are not always accurate. The movie Rain Man was about a man and his brother, who happened to be an autistic savant. In Rain Man Dustin Hoffman played Raymond, who was a high-functioning autistic savant. In the movie Raymond had routines and rituals that he did; and when his routines were interrupted or he was afraid of something he had a temper tantrum where he would hit his head. He tended to babble and repeat himself, and when he was stressed he would recite â€Å"Who’s on First? by Abbott and Costello. Raymond had trouble interacting with people and had problems understanding certain concepts. Raymond doesn’t like people touching him or his stuff. He also doesn’t understand the concept of money. The question is, â€Å"Is this a realistic portrayal of an autistic savant? † The answer is that at least part of it is realistic. T he character Dustin Hoffman played was based on a real life savant. The name of the savant that inspired the movie, and got the title of â€Å"real life Rain Man† was Kim Peek. Dustin Hoffman actually spent time with Kim Peek so he could more accurately play the character.While he may have gotten the savant part of his role correct, Dustin Hoffman may not have necessarily gotten the autistic part of his role correct, since he didn’t actually meet with an autistic like he did with Kim Peek. That means that to find out how accurate the movie was in portraying autism, you must first look into and get a better understanding of autism. People with autism usually experience onset prior to age three. It has been estimated that there are approximately two to five cases of autism per ten thousand individuals.Males are four to five times more likely to have autism, but girls with autism are more likely to be more severely mentally retarded. Also, you are more likely to have auti sm if one of your siblings has autism. Autism has been shown to take a continuous course. It has been reported that some children with autism act abnormal from the time of birth. Their parents report being worried since the time they were born. With these kids, their parents notice a lack of interest in social interaction. In infancy, symptoms are harder to notice and define than those found after age two.On the other hand, it has also been reported that other children with autism were developmentally normal for the first year or two of their life. Children with autism tend to have problems with pretend play, verbal and nonverbal communication, and social interactions. In school-aged children developmental gains are common in some areas. Behaviorally, some individuals deteriorate around adolescence while others improve. Only a small amount of autistic people are capable of living and working individually when they reach adulthood.It is estimated that only about one-third of autistic people are capable of achieving any amount of partial independence. Even the highest-functioning adults with autism still have problems with social interactions and communication. The highest-functioning adults with autism will also still have a small range of hobbies and interests. People with autism may have unusual distress when routines are changed. They also may perform repeated body movements, show unusual attachments to objects, and be overly sensitive in sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste.People with autism will also have communicational issues, which may include the inability to start or maintain a social conversation, using gestures to communicate instead of words, having slow language development or no language development, not adjusting their gaze to focus on what others are looking at, not referring to themselves correctly (like by saying you instead of I when talking about themselves), not pointing to direct others' attention to objects, repeating memorized words, phrases, dialogs, and passages (like from books or movies), and using nonsense rhyming.Autistic people are withdrawn. They do not make friends or participate in interactive games. When autistic people play, they don’t imitate the actions of others. They prefer solitary or ritualistic play instead of group games. They engage in little or no pretend or imaginative play. Autistic people may not respond to eye contact or smiles, and may even avoid eye contact. They may treat others as objects instead of people and show a lack of empathy towards others. Autistic would rather spend time alone than with others. Autistic people may also have unusual responses to sensory information. For xample, they may have heightened or low senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste. An autistic person would not jump when they heard a loud noise, although they may find normal noises painful and hold hands over ears. They may withdraw from physical contact because it is over stimulating or ov erwhelming. They may have heightened or lowered responses to pain. They may also rub surfaces and lick objects. Autistic people tend to â€Å"Act up† with intense tantrums when something they do not like happens (like not getting what they want). Autistic people may get stuck on a single topic or task.They may also have a short attention span. Autistic people tend to have very narrow interests and may show a strong need for sameness. An autistic person may be either very overactive or very passive. They may also show aggression towards themselves or others. People with autism have specific neuropsychological deficits that produce many of the symptoms associated with autism. It has been identified that prefrontal impairments are present in autistic people that affect things like spatial working memory, attention shifting, and response inhibition.Also, there have been impairments detected in the medial temporal lobe and in facial processing. It has also been shown that very you ng children with autism have abnormal ERP responses to faces, emotions, and speech. It has also been shown that people with autism have auditory processing abnormalities. There is no cure for autism, but the symptoms can be managed through therapy. Also, it has been shown that early, intensive behavioral programs can significantly improve learning and communication skills and reduce disturbed behaviors.It has been proven that children that are better functioning at the start of treatment are more likely to gain more from the treatment. Biomedical treatments are limited to using medications to manage the disruptive behavior, self-injuring, and stereotyped behavior. According to Abnormal Psychology In A Changing World (Seventh Edition) â€Å"Autistic traits generally continue on into adulthood to some degree or another† (Nevid, Rathus & Green, 2008, p. 485). Even so, some autistic children go on to get college degrees and function independently.Others need constant treatment th roughout the duration of their lives and some even need institutionalized care. Now that we have enough information on autism we can make a judgment on how realistic the movie was in portraying Raymond Babbitt as an autistic savant. Because the actor met with Kim Peek, a real life savant, and studied his mannerisms and abilities, we can conclude that his depiction of savants is realistic. He did not though; meet with an autistic to learn what they are like, so we must look at his actions as Raymond Babbitt and judge their authenticity as the behaviors an autistic person would experience.It has been pointed out that in the movie Raymond Babbitt had routines and rituals that he did; and when his routines were interrupted or he was afraid of something he had a temper tantrum where he would hit his head. He tended to babble and repeat himself, and when he was stressed he would recite â€Å"Who’s on First? † by Abbott and Costello. Raymond had trouble interacting with peopl e and had problems understanding certain concepts. Raymond doesn’t like people touching him or his stuff. He also doesn’t understand the concept of money.Apart from Raymond’s inability to understand the concept of money, all of the oddities about Raymond that are not accounted for by his savant nature are accounted for by autism. The only thing unaccounted for is his inability to understand the concept of money which played a fairly big part in the storyline of the movie. So, in conclusion we can say that Rain Man followed reality pretty well in its representation of autism. ? References NICHD Staff Presentations on Autism Research. (2010, June 2). etrieved April 13 2011, from Autism Research at the NICHD Web Site: http://www. nichd. nih. gov/autism/autism. cfm Treffert, D. , & MD. (n. d. ). Kim Peek – The Real Rain Man | Wisconsin Medical Society. Physicians Page | Wisconsin Medical Society. Retrieved April 11, 2011, from http://www. wisconsinmedicalsoci ety. org/savant_syndrome/savant_profiles/kim_peek Kanashiro, N & Zieve, D (2010, April 26). Autism. retrieved April 10 2011, from Autism – PubMed Health Web Site: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002494/ American Psychiatric

Cost projection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cost projection - Essay Example The pilot project is eligible for scrutiny and financial consideration as it falls among the green infrastructures programs in the city. In addition, the pilot project is part of the environmental program that the agency showed interest in supporting. The project involves constructing green roofs and blue roofs within NY City as a measure of reducing stormwater runoff. Blue roofs retain stormwater. However, they are not vegetated. The pilot project involves the construction of small-scale weirs at the rooftops that drain inlets and create temporary ponds for gradual release of stormwater. On the other hand, green roofs comprise a vegetative layer in a designed soil that rests on top of the drainage layer. The green roofs are relatively costly than the blue roofs, but they can absorb large amounts of water. The pilot project will scale down the full-scale project into smaller projects that will run for a given duration. The management will then access the benefits and compare the cost of sustaining the water management approach to other approaches under the same conditions of the environment. Installing source controls on the rooftops of the houses in NY City is a vital strategy that the agency needs to consider to reduce the amount of stormwater runoff from entering the sewers. A third of New York City consists of impervious regions. The massive surface of the rooftops in NY City is a characteristic that necessitates the construction of an effective green infrastructure. The pilot project is worth considering due to precision and high level of accuracy in representing the full-scale project. The actual project is big, and the compilation of data involving costs is complex. Additionally, the magnitude of the errors derived from the full-scale projects could be massive. The pilot project is necessary to ensure the reduction in the magnitude of the errors when implementing the actual projects (Mancuso, 2009). In addition, the efficiency of the

Amusement Park Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Amusement Park - Case Study Example The change that would take place in the company after the proposed information system has been implemented successfully is summarized. The resources and involvement needed for the change is also described in the latter part. A self reflection at the end gives light to the expertise and foresightedness needed for an administrator in implementing an information system to change a key processing with its experience. In the diagnosis and the latter part of the work are based on theory and academic notion. "Veega Land, India's first water theme park, has since its inception been an irresistible attraction for hundreds of thousands of fun loving people of all ages from all over India. Spread over 30 acres of landscaped space, built to international standards and impeccably maintained, Veega Land has a mind boggling array of sophisticated rides to thrill anyone till one can't take any more" (Veega Land) Veega Land Amusement Park is situated in the outskirts of Bangalore City in the South Western part of India. It is about a 30 km west to the heart of the city. It is a well established company located in the capital city of the state. The park offers verity of Caravans and motor homes. There is a water theme park with quiet a number of rides for both children and adults. A visit to the park in fact can be an experience of the life time.Park also has a small shop which can be utilised to increase the revenue. Since the shop is with in the premises the products are sold at a high price. There are a number of games rooms for the children and adults who would be staying over night. The park could almost be filled to the brim during the peak season.The theme park as with all the companies of the same kind has lot of rides made for both children and adult. Especially the Veega maintains another park for the small kids alone. Thus the peak season of the year is being the summer holidays. I n spite of all the changes the company had down the years the company still remains to be a family business. It is owned and managed y the same person. 2. A System Based Diagnosis of the SituationThe issue is to improve the promotion process to stabilise the customers flow to a certain extend during the peak season and off season. A diagnosis of the current promotion process is needed in a unique knowledge based approach called INSPIRE which has been designed to help drive and implement change, to help managers to simultaneously harness innovation, and to control the organizational change process (Kawalek, 2009). The promotion proce

THE DEVILS BRIGADE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

THE DEVILS BRIGADE - Research Paper Example One of the major milestones in this journey was the establishment of the First Special Service, otherwise called the Devil’s Brigade or the Black Devils’ Brigade. The special unit among the United States forces was formed in the course of the World War II. Initially, the plan was to incorporate Canada and Norway in establishing a special elite force that would help in the activities of the war. However, Norwegian forces withdrew leading to collaboration between the United States Forces and Canada1. The conception of the idea to establish a special elite unit in the Army and the subsequent implementation took place between March and July 1942. This period was characterized by extensive research by a British scientist and extensive analysis by United States commanders. The special unit started their training in Montana at Fort William Henry Harrison before moving to other areas such as Camp Bradford and Fort Ethan Allen in Vermont. The forces lasted for the period between July 1942 and December 1944.1 The unit had three battalions made up of Canadian and American volunteers who engaged in intensive training in skiing, parachuting, amphibian warfare, mountain and demolition operations among other specialized skills. The elite forces were distinct, from their bi-national uniform to their specialized fighting skills. The soldiers engaged with war in Italy and Southern France before their disbandment late 19441. History The historical perspective of the First Special Service dates back in March 1942. The United States forces were allied to the British forces. A British Combined Forces Scientist, Geoffrey Pyke conceived the idea of establishing a special unit that would be capable of among other fighting activities engages enemies under harsh weather conditions in winter. Pyke’s proposed Plough Project involved the creation of traceable vehicles, designed to carry the soldiers and their war paraphernalia across the surface filled with snow. He pre sented the idea to the chief of the Combined Forces, Lord Louis Mountbatten and the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill both of whom admired the idea. Pyke’s idea was sold to the United States Chief of Staff, General George Marshall due to several constrains by the combined forces and Britain. The Canadian Department of Munitions and supply came up with a vehicle called ‘the penguin’ while United States engaged its automobile manufactures through the National Research council in developing a vehicle that was named ‘Weasel’2. In embracing the idea, the United States decided to collaborate with Canadian and Norwegian Forces in establishing the Unit. Unfortunately, the Norweian forces failed to participate. The recruitment for the soldiers in was done on voluntary basis, advertisements were rolled calling on young people between ages 21 and 35 years with special preference given to the hunters, lumberjacks, rangers, game wardens among others2. Cana dian commitment was declared on 26th June, 1942 after which the Minister of National Defence of Canada authorized a battalion of six hundred and ninety seven Canadian soldiers for training in the United States on July 14th, 1942. The project was scheduled to start in

Executive summary of the Ethical Tabao company Essay

Executive summary of the Ethical Tabao company - Essay Example However, Taobao urges the public to behave responsibly to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. Taobao plans to raise its guarantee and technical charge with an objective of majoring in the B2C model to improve its quality and counterfeit control. The planned raise in fees would decrease the number of sellers operating on Taobao and consequently improve the company’s regulation. The small and medium entrepreneurs launched protests at the Taobao headquarters are opposing the planned policy since it forces them to pay same operation costs as the big sellers. Although the policy might be beneficial to the company, the protests have largely dented the image of Taobao. The small and medium entrepreneurs will face difficulties in continuing with the business and possibly fallout. The decrease in small and medium entrepreneurs would promote improvements in product quality and guarantee customer satisfaction in comfort and reliability. However, this adjustment might decrease customer satisfaction on price and product categories. Because of the mixed interests, the government has come up with regulations governing the online shopping agencies like Taobao. There are self-regulations by a business that allow companies to adopt policies befitting their competitive advantage. In relation to these regulations, the sellers should obey Taobao regulations. Additionally, there exist consumers’ regulations that protect consumers in Taobao. These regulations protect the consumers against counterfeit goods, poor quality goods, and untimely delivery of Taobao

The Rocking-Horse Winner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rocking-Horse Winner - Essay Example but that is not what happened, when Derrick reached age 6, just about when he was supposed to start his primary school, Alex made the worst gambling attempt in one of his games and bet on his entire house back then in town (Lawrence 44). It was a terrible time for the family as they were forced to live their rich furnished house and move to the countryside, the initial birth place for Alex. Life in the countryside was pretty rough for the growing kids as money was always issues and impeded them from enjoying their childhood (Greiff 56). When Derrick reached age 13, him being the first born, he saw he had the responsibility of taking care of his siblings as he had realized some problems in regard to care from both his parents (Lawrence 66). His father had lost hope in life and was permanently intoxicated day and night living his mother to feign for the family by working as a horse attendant in one of the ranches which held horsing occasionally. After a couple of times of accompanying her mother to the horse racing ranch, Derrick started to gather information and develop interest in the sport, despite several warnings from his mother regarding what happened to his dad. From a Latino horse attendant he had come to befriend at the ranch, Derrick started learning the art of betting from his friend (Stoltzfus 44). After seeing the condition at their home starting to get worse after some days passing without them taking night meal, due to lack of money, Derrick decided to venture into betting seriously. He approached his uncle, Sam and asked for a 100 dollars loan with an assurity of payment after 5 days. Derrick was lucky to be given despite his uncle knowing their financial status. Back in the ranch, on an on going betting game involving horse racing, Derrick managed to make his first bet and later won 2000 dollars. He later paid his uncle’s loan with a profit and the rest, used it as his capital to make more money from the game. Derrick was lucky in the game and

The Adoption Of Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

The Adoption Of Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example Integrated marketing communications is a marketing strategy that is extremely common-sense. IMC is an emerging concept. Therefore, it does not as yet have theoretical framework that is mutually accepted by all academicians or scholars. A number of scholars, however, are contributing to the building of a theory base. That is, in the rapidly changing advertising environment now found in many countries, there has been an inevitable calling for a more coordinated and systematized marketing communication concept and approach, which have often taken the form of Integrated Marketing Communications. Integrated marketing communications has been defined as a management philosophy (Stewart, 1996), an educational movement (Hutton, 1996), and a unifying business practice (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998), among others (cf. Stewart, 1996). These inconsistencies in defining and measuring IMC have prevented the development of a cohesive research stream in this area. In order to build on and extend previous research, we chose to adopt the original definition of Duncan and Everett (1993), who define IMC as "the strategic coordination of all messages and media used by an organization to influence its perceived brand value." The companies, who have adopted integrated marketing communications, use one strategy for everything instead of dividing communications into several departments. It is a re-invented marketing strategy and it must espouse two fundamental principles: 1. The first principle stipulates that marketers should view all forms of media, print, electronic equally. No precedence should be given to one form of media over the other, for example, to newspapers over television etc. Marketers should possess a totally unbiased and prejudice-free approach towards all form of marketing media. 2. The second principle that is a very important part of the marketing strategy is that the people responsible for marketing in every organization must approach all kinds of marketing media with a strategic approach and do proper planning in this regard. The background behind the emergence of IMC comes from three major areas. First, from the corporate or client side, an increasing competitiveness and higher risk in the marketplace brought about by aggressive activities by management's merger and acquisition group have been required simply to meet the consumer's increasingly diverse needs more successfully through a variety of new marketing strategies. Second, from the media and market side, weakening power of traditional marketing and advertising due to the rapid development of information technology has increased the search for more effective and cost-efficient methods in marketing communications. Third, from the consumer side, on-going changes and increasingly diversified consumer lifestyles have encouraged advertisers to develop more elaborate and quicker response communication disciplines. The traditional advertising media base has now been replaced with new forms of media. Thus, the companies now have to adopt new and emerging forms of