Logistics and operation managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Logistics and operation managment - Essay Example In addition to this inventory management, capacity planning and scheduling are all considered to be significant factors in the choice of technology of the organization. These processes help in determining that how much capacity must be needed by the firm, the schedule and all the processes related to inventory management that are required for manufacturing a great product or begin the production of an entire new product. Before discussing the imbalance between inventory management, capacity planning and scheduling, it is important to build some understanding of these production aspects. Inventory management can be defined as controlling and overseeing the storage, ordering and making use of the components that will be used by the organization in the manufacturing process, as well as controlling and overseeing the quantity of finished goods for sale. Capacity planning can be defined as the maximum rate of transformation system processes or produced inputs. It can also be defined as volume of output within the elapsed time or the production capability of a manufacturing facility. There are a number of factors that affect capacity such as the number and ability of workers, number of suppliers and machines, waste, defects, scrap, productivity, errors, preventive maintenance and government regulations. The capacity planning can be relevant for both the short term as well as the long operations of the org anizations. Scheduling can be defined as the process of controlling, arranging and optimizing the workload in the manufacturing or production process. It is used for allocating the machinery and plant resources, planning production processes, planning human resources and purchasing materials. It is a significant process for engineering and manufacturing, where it may impose a significant impact on the production of the organization. In manufacturing process, the major purpose of scheduling is to minimize the time and cost of production by

Commercial item transport and distribution Essay Example for Free

Commercial item transport and distribution Essay There has been a gradual change in the mode of packaging for last years.For instance, earlier fruits and vegetables were used to be transported in wooden boxes but today cardboard crates are used .This is mainly to reduce the cost. Obviously,a cardboard crate would cost less than wooden crate. Moreover,using cardboard crates is more eco friendly than cutting trees and making wooden boxes and supporting an environmental cause helps firms improve their goodwill and eventually their sales. Similarly,selling of milk,first in glass bottles,then in packets, then tetra packs and vending machines is all to reduce costs or improve their goodwill by innovating the mode of packaging. Tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of paper and can be recycled. Plastic packets incur lesser costs and vending machines in itself have no packaging cost. So,companies use new and unique mode of packaging to ,one,reduce their costs,two,to promote the product. Packaging refers to the container or wrapper that holds a product or group of products. Most commercial packaging serves two basic functions: protecting the product from damage during shipping, and promoting the product to the ultimate consumer. Some common types of packaging include shipping cartons, containers for industrial goods, and bags, boxes, cans, and other holders for consumer products. Packaging is of great importance to both sellers and buyers of products. It can prevent spoiling, breakage, tampering, or theft; enhance convenience in use or storage; and make products easier to identify. A significant improvement in packaging can even create a new product by expanding the ways in which it can be used, and thus its potential markets. For example, a soup that is packaged in a microwavable bowl might suddenly increase its sales to working people. Prior to World War II, packaging was used primarily to surround and protect products during storage, transportation, and distribution. Some packages were designed with aesthetic appeal and even for ease-of-use by the end consumer, but package design was typically left to technicians. After World War II, however, companies became more interested in marketing and promotion as a means of enticing customers to purchase their products. As a result, more manufacturers began to view packaging as an integral element of overall business marketing strategies to lure buyers. This increased attention to packaging coincided with socioeconomic changes taking place around the world. As consumers became better educated and more affluent, their expectations of products—and their reliance on them—increased as well. Consequently, consumers began to rely much more heavily on manufactured goods and processed food items. New technologies related to production, distribution, and preservatives led to a massive proliferation in the number and type of products and brands available in industrialized nations. Thus, packaging became a vital means of differentiating items and informing inundated consumers. The importance of consumer packaging was elevated in the United States during the late 1970s and 1980s. Rapid post-war economic expansion and market growth waned during that period, forcing companies to focus increasingly on luring consumers to their product or brand at the expense of the competition. Package design became a marketing science. And, as a new corporate cost-consciousness developed in response to increased competition, companies began to alter packaging techniques as a way to cut production, storage, and distribution expenses. Furthermore, marketers began to view packaging as a tool to exploit existing product lines by adding new items and to pump new life into maturing products. Today, good package design is regarded as an essential part of successful business practice. Since many potential customers first notice a new product after it has arrived on the shelves of a store, it is vital that the packaging provide consumers with the information they need and motivate them to make a purchase. But packaging decisions involve a number of tradeoffs. While making a product visible and distinctive may be the top priority, for example, businesses must also comply with a variety of laws regarding product labeling and safety. Protecting products during transport is important, but businesses also need to keep their shipping costs as low as possible. study mode material : Disadvantages of wooden crates- Deterioration * After wooden pallets are used several times, the wood begins to wear. It splinters, cracks and even breaks under the pressure of continued use. The deterioration is natural and occurs eventually, even if the wood is treated to repel moisture and to strengthen it. This disadvantage leads to replacement much sooner than with plastic pallets. Infestation * Wooden pallets are more susceptible to infestation by termites, ants and other insects that make their home inside the wood. Pallets stored outdoors are more likely to succumb to infestation than the ones kept within a warehouse. The insects burrow into the wood, eating away at it and thus weakening what should be a support structure.. Cleanliness * In addition to germs, wooden pallets are collectors of dirt and debris. Cleaning them becomes more and more difficult over time as the pallets age. They must be heat-treated to get rid of the contamination and washed to be rid of dirt and debris. However, the heat accelerates deterioration, and the water, if improperly dried, can feed mold spores that thrive on wood and harm the vegetables and fruits inside it. Advantages of cardboard crates- Protects Items * As packaging, cardboard protects vegetables being shipped or moved. Corrugated cardboard often has multiple pieces of cardboard placed on top of each other to cushion soft vegetables. Cheap Material * Cardboard is cheap to produce, and is usually made from recycled materials and doesnt cost much money if purchased wholesale. Other packaging materials are made from plastic, wood or metal, all expensive materials that are often heavier then cardboard, which adds [continues] Read full essay

The Breaking of Taboo Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Adrienne Rich was a very critically acclaimed and widely read poet of her era. Ms. Rich was a rebellious pioneer in expressing her viewpoints through her poetry in what was considered highly taboo topics of her time, such as, politics, lesbianism, and feminism. Adrienne Rich was born on May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland. Her father was renowned pathologist at John Hopkins University, Dr. Arnold Rich, and her mother Helen Elizabeth Rich, was a concert pianist and composer. Adrienne began writing at a very early age, with the encouragement of her father. As a child, she grew up reading works from her fathers extensive library from Tennyson, Keats, Arnold, Blake, Rossetti, Swinburne, Carlyle, and Patter (Booth). Adrienne attended A. B. Radcliffe College and graduated in 1951. In her final year at Radcliffe, her collection, â€Å"A Change of World†, was selected by, W. H. Auden for the Yale Series of Younger Poets award. In 1953, Adrienne married Alfred Conrad, an economics professor at Harvard, whom she had met while she was an undergraduate student at Harvard. During their marriage, they had three children, David, Paul, and Jacob. In the mid 60’s Adrienne became very involved in Vietnam anti war protests, feminist, and civil right issues. As time went on, Alfred thought she was losing her mind because of her obsession and devotion she had to these causes. This created quite a bit of tension in their marriage. In 1970, she separated from Alfred, which lead to his suicide a few months later. Rich’s early works were very traditional and structured. Her style mirrored the poets who she read extensively as a child. As Rich progressed in her writings, her styled changed drastically. Rich took on a dialogue, and free verse style. This ... ...aressa. "6 Powerful Adrienne Rich Quotes Every Woman Should Read." The Stir, 12 Mar. 2012. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Meredith, May. "Adrienne Rich: 1929-2012 / Feminist poet turned personal into political." San Francisco Chronicle (10/1/2007 to present) 29 Mar. 2012: A1. Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Rich, Adrienne, comp. Twenty-One Love Poems. 2nd. Emeryville, Ca.: Effie's Press, 1977. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. ---, Adrienne. Collected Early Poems 1950-1970. 1st. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993. 419. Print. ---, Adrienne. Dark Fields of the Republic 1991-1995. New York: W.W. Norton, 1995 3, 65. Print. Schuduel, Matt. "Adrienne Rich, feminist poet who wrote of politics and lesbian identity, dies at 82." 28 Mar. 2012, n. p. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. Sky. "The Floating Poem Unnumbered By Adrienne Rich." Thirty Days Of.., 06 05 20010. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.

What is meant in psychology by the term attachment?

The psychological explanation for the term ‘attachment’ is where you form an emotional bond to another person or object both physically and mentally. And to feel secure. John Bowlby (1969) described it as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. He also stated that early experiences In childhood have an important influence on development & behavior on the individual’s life. Attachment behavior is essentially a survival strategy from evolution for protecting infants from predators. Question 2 According to Bowlby, what harm is caused to an individual if he or she is deprived of an attachment bond in early childhood? If the process of ‘attachment’ is ‘interrupted’, the individual may develop mental issues such as depression, behavioural issues, find it hard to make relationships, even goes as far as psychiatric disorders, dwarfism, acute distress or possibly death if the attachment bond is interrupted. From the 1940’s – 1970’s it was determined that a child must have a secure mother-child relationship if the infant was not to suffer any long term problems. Bowlby did a case study on 44 Juvenile thieves and to his amazement discovered that a majority of them had suffered some sort of separation from their mothers, possibly more than 6 months or more in the first critical 5 years of their lives. This was actually proven to be of a biased nature as Bowlby did find that most of them had suffered some form of separation from their mothers and he presumed that this was the case of their delinquency. He also found that a small number of the juvenile thieves were unable to make â€Å"true† affection bonds. But these findings could be thrown out as Bowlby never had results from a â€Å"controlled group† to compare his findings. Harlow did an experiment with this in mind with rhesus monkeys – â€Å"wire mother experiment†. It was conducted in 1960 to show the devastating effects deprivation. His experiments were classed as unethical and cruel, but they uncovered truths which have had a heavy influence on our understanding of child development. Question 3 What factors appear to be necessary to bring about attachment? Time and attention as well as the factor to attend to an infant immediately will bring out partial attachment. Sight is also an important factor as well. Jean Piaget proved that theory when he did a case study on infants aged between the age 8/9 months, by covering a toy with cloth to see if they would â€Å"look or search† for the object when it had disappeared out of sight. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) noted that not only do infants form a solid attachment to their mother (or mother figures), but that a substantial amount of infants also made a close attachment to their fathers and older siblings. Mary Ainsworth () had distinguished between infants who had successfully managed to make secure and insecure attachments. The results showed that it was how the mother (or mother figure) showed sensitivity, i.e. detecting her infants signals, managing to interpret them and how the mother (or mother figure would react and respond appropriately). Question 4 Describe and evaluate the evidence which has found that children can develop normally despite maternal separation? Chibuccs & Kail (1981), found that there were 3 factors. It was as follows:- 1) how playful he was towards the baby 2) how much contact the have with the baby 3) Reads a baby signals They noted that a mother would hold, smile, show more affection towards a child as well as routine physical care. The father would play more but it was more physical and that they would interact more with boys both physically and mentally than they did girls. Kohen-Raz (1968), did a study on the kibbutz. It was noted that kibbutz children were equal in physical & mental skills to Israeli children, who were raised in private homes BUT were superior to Israeli children raised in orphanages. Rabkin & Rabkin (1969) and Nahir & Yussen (1977) found that the kibbutz children could demonstrate several advanced characteristics than children raised at home, and that they also could show signs of recognition in how other children felt from an early age. Question 5 Why do same people argue that animals should not be used in psychology experiments? It has been noted that its acceptable perform experiments on animals especially primates as they are the closest relation to humans. Where preforming experiments on human kind is would be considered as outrageous and unethical. It’s obvious that the experiments involving animals for psychological and behavioural experiments cause suffering but they shall be forth coming as it’s funded by tax payer’s money World Wide. The experiments are aimed to help understand mental disorders and attachment disorders. Cahann only obtain results by watching human behaviour closely not under experimental circumstances. Question 6 Describe and evaluate one study of visual perception in human infants. Gibson & Walk – 1960 (visual cliff) This was an experiment which consisted to measure depth perception where they attempted to get infants to walkover a glass plate suspended over a drop. Gibson & Walk wanted to find out whether 6 to 14 month old infants could perceive depth. Babies have a natural sense of danger so the experiment was designed to see if they can see it’s perfectly safe. Case studies were placed each time in the middle of a table, where 1 side was replaced by glass to expose the â€Å"danger†. Their mothers would then try to tempt the infant over both sides. The results showed that if the case study (infant) had no depth perception then the glass drop wouldn’t seem scary and they would just walk all over the table. Those that didn’t have depth perception and could see the drop, they would automatically avoid it.

Meditation on Yellow by Olive Senior Essay

Olive Senior is a Jamaican poet who explores Caribbean history. Her poetry often conveys her displeasure of colonization and the suffering Caribbean people endured. Meditation on Yellow explores the colonization and exploitation process carried out by the Europeans. This poem strong conveys Senior discontentment as it relates to the exploitation of the land and the Amerindian tribe. It through the use of symbolism, language and repetition the brutality of colonization is conveyed. Symbolism is used to portray the harsh reality of colonization. In Meditation on Yellow â€Å"yellow† is symbolic of the innocence of the Amerindians and the purity in their mind and soul upon encountering the Whites. This is noted in the phrase † but we were peaceful then child-like in the yellow dawn of our innocence.† The fact that these Amerindians had no idea of what was to come their way and that they offered the best of what they had to the Europeans makes this encounter even more sad and advantageous. Furthermore, yellow is symbolic of sickness and infection. This is reflect in the minds of the Europeans as it was infected with the yearning for wealth and power. Due to this â€Å"infection† the Amerindian we turned into slaves, the land was exploited and the Europeans began colonization. The use of symbolism conveys the extremes which these two set of people existed, the Amerindian being kind and pure and the Europeans being cold-hearted and greedy. Senior’s use of language is certainly a powerful tool in expressing her displeasure as it relates to the enslavement of the Amerindians. Throughout the poem she uses sarcasm and humor which highlights her mocking and belittling of the Europeans. The phrase † had I known I would have brewed up some yellow fever grass and arsenic† is an example of sarcasm. In this phrase there is a contrast between the gesture of hospitality of ethnic which is the â€Å"fever grass† and the bitter sinister intentions of k illing the Europeans with the † arsenic poison.† The sarcasm continues in the phrase † despite the differences in our skins, our piss was exactly the same shade of yellow.† This highlights that regardless of ethnic and racial differences we are all the same. The striking, crude comparison stresses the need for equality and for readers to take note. Furthermore Olive Senior educates us that these Amerindian displayed passive resistance as they deliberately burnt the bread of the Europeans since they we treated badly. The phrase † for which management apologizes† certainly indicates they there was no remorse or sorry for these actions. The use of sarcasm highlight Senior’s hatred towards the colonization process and her view on the Europeans. Repetition is also used to place emphasis on the greedy and materialistic nature of the Europeans. This type of repetition is known as anaphora. The line † but it was gold in your mind gold in your eyes gold in the crown .. gold the prize † highlights the obsession these Europeans had with gold and their gluttonous nature. Moreover, their unreasonable wants and desires are also highlighted through repetition. This is noted in the line † want it strong wan it long want it black want it black want it green want it dread.† Additionally there was repetition in the in line † silver was you armor silver the cross of your Lord †¦ silver the bullet I bite†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This repetition emphasizes the many different forms of silver and the destruction that the silver symbolizes . The silver was representative of Iron Age Technology and represents the European’s military superiority over the stone age Amerindians. Collectively the repetition of these lines alerts readers of the suffering these Amerindians endured to please the cold hearted Europeans. The use of these techniques clearly depicts Senior’s displeasure and the unfortunate struggles of colonization.

Data Protection Act (Malta) Essays

Data Protection Act (Malta) Essays Data Protection Act (Malta) Essay Data Protection Act (Malta) Essay The Data Protection Act (UK – 1998, Malta – 2001): The DPA concerns the â€Å"collection, recording, organization, storage, adaptation, alteration, retrieval, gathering, use, disclosure, blocking, erasure or destruction of personal data†. The purpose of the Data Protection Act: a. The purpose of the DPA is to protect living individuals against the misuse of their personal data. Examples of such misuse could include exposing of personal data without obtaining prior permission from the data subject, holding incorrect and possibly damaging personal information and unauthorised alteration of personal data. b. A secondary objective for the introduction of the DPA was to decrease public concerns over the level of confidentiality of their data held at various organisations. Personal Data Sensitive Personal Data: This act defines Personal Data as any information relating to an identified or identifiable (both directly such as through an ID number as well as indirectly) natural person. Data Subjects† are the natural persons (i. e. not companies) to whom the personal data relates. The Act also distinguishes Sensitive Personal Data, which refers to personal data that reveals race or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, membership of a trade union, health or sex life, and such data is subject to stricter rules. The 8 Principles of the Data Protection Act which Data Users must comply with: 1. Fair and Lawful Processing: Personal Data shall be processed fairly and lawfully, as long as the data subject has given his permission for the use of the data and he/she has been informed of any other organizations which will use the information and the purpose of such use. In the special case of Sensitive Personal Data, the general rule is that this type of personal data cannot be processed but the law provides for a number of exceptions, such as: * Clear permission by data subject. * The data subject himself made the data public. Compliance with employment law (eg. Sick leave records). * Non-commercial organisations with political, philosophical, religious or trade union objects. * For health hospital care reasons by a medical professional subject to an obligation of professional secrecy. * For research statistics provided this is necessary for the public interest. 2. Use in conformity with purpose of collection: The Act states that the data is to be processed only for purposes compatible with the reason fo r which it was collected. This implies that when an organization intends to sell information to other organizations, data subjects must be informed and the situation explained and they must at least be given an opportunity to opt out. 3. Adequacy of Data: Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which it is processed. E. g. eye colour is not required to apply for college. 4. Correctness of Data: Data controllers are to take reasonable measures to ensure that the data they process is correct and up to date. E. g. end statements asking if any data or information has changed. 5. Duration: Personal data processed for any purpose shall not be kept longer than is necessary for that purpose. E. g. banks keep personal data about customers for 5 years after closing the accounts. 6. Rights of the Data Subject: Personal Data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of the data subject which the Act stipulates. For example; s include processing for tax ation purposes and criminal investigations. -Rectification And Erasure: The Data subject may also demand the correction or erasure of Personal Data not processed according to the Act. The Controller is obliged to inform third parties to whom the Personal Data has been disclosed when such measures are taken. -Right To Compensation: The data subject has the right to sue for damages due to inaccuracies in data, loss or unauthorised disclosure of data. 7. Security Measures The controller is obliged to implement appropriate technical and organizational measures to protect the personal data that is processed against accidental destruction or loss or unlawful forms of processing. Appropriate – â€Å"skond iz-zmien† Technical – E. g. : Firewalls, Anti-virus, Encryption, Mirroring, Backups. Organisational – Policies, authorisation, regulations. 8. Prohibition of Transfer of Data Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the EU, unless that country ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. Essential Criteria for Processing: 1. Consent: Must be freely given, specific and informed. 2. Necessity: E. g. Personal data can be processed without the necessity of consent for the purpose of complying with a contract of employment. . Compliance with a legal obligation of the Controller (E. g. for Social security, Income Tax, etc ) 4. Protection of the vital interests of the Data Subject:E. g. Disclosure of medical history to a hospital treating a casualty. 5. In the public interest. 6. In the exercise of official authority or administration of justice. In some cases, the Act allows for revocation of consent – the right for the data subject to ask t he data controller to erase personal data when not required anymore. Notification: Controllers are obliged to notify the Data Protection Commissioner of processing operations and to give information about those operations as specified in the Act. Information includes purpose of processing, description of categories of Data subjects, disclosure, transfer abroad and security measures. Data Protection Commissioner: He is appointed by the Prime Minister after consultation with Leader of the Opposition. He acts independently as a Regulator, has security of tenure/term, has a right to issue orders, to access processed data, to order erasure, the power of search and to impose administrative fines.

Microcredit concept in business and banking organisation The WritePass Journal

Microcredit concept in business and banking organisation Introduction: Microcredit concept in business and banking organisation Introduction:  1) Reason For My Chosen Research topic:2)  Possible Research Question: 3) Identify four authors who will inform my topic:4) Extents meets the criteria of my research question are:Reference:Related Introduction: The buzz word the Microcredit is the new concept in business and banking organisation. Microcredit is the extension of small loans to help the poor people that they can start small business and overcome poverty (Microcredit Summit, 1997). The topic really appeals me to do select for research of my dissertation. It will be helpful for my future career and very much related of my academic study.   1) Reason For My Chosen Research topic: The reason I choose the base of Bangladesh for this topic is one is my familiarity with the nationality and the other is Grameen Bank (Bank for the poor) Professor Muhammad Yunus(2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner), founder of the Grameen Bank which invented the easiest way to go to the people who needs help(grameenbank.com). Grameen Bank methodology is almost the reverse of the conventional banking methodology. Conventional banking is based on the principle that the more you have, the more you can get. In other words, if you have little or nothing, you get nothing. As a result, more than half the population of the world is deprived of the financial services of the conventional banks. General features of microcredit in Bangladesh Grameen bank are: It promotes credit as a human right. The main mission of the microcredit is to help poor people or families to help themselves to overcome poverty. its targeted specially poor women. Its not based on enforceable contract, based on Trust. Grameen bank provied door-step service where people should not go to the bank, bank should go to the people. For my research I choose this topic, because the disbursement of small finance to the poor people in the rural area seemed to be successful. And women’s position ware less honoured to the family in Bangladesh culture but when Grameen Bank (architect of micro credit in Bangladesh) started delivering special credit scheme opportunity to the women and they started implementing and earning for the family, the status of the women ware changed and their contribution to the decision making in to the family became more important. 2)  Possible Research Question: As we know methodology for a research question is very important and has to be chosen to fulfil the purpose of the research. On my research I would like to dig out the provision of the grameen bank microcredit in the rural area in Bangladesh . My possible research question would be: Understands the nature and characteristic of Grameen Bank Microcredit Program and how the Impact of Grameen Bank Microcredit Program changed the lifestyle of the poor people in Bangladesh. 3) Identify four authors who will inform my topic: Yunus,M(2004)Grameen Bank, Microcredit and Millennium Development Goals.Economic and political weekly. September 2002 Vol.39 No.36 Pp 4-10 This paper traces the evolution of the ideas and practice of microcredit as pioneered by the Grameen Bank. Over the years, microcredit programmes in Bangladesh have grown, providing a wide range of services to meet the economic and social needs of its citizens, mostly poor women. It comes up with suggestions regarding the emerging issues of financial self-reliance and institutional sustainability of microcredit programmes. Rahman.A (2001). Women and microcredit in rural Bangladesh: anthropological study of the rhetoric and realities of Grameen Bank. 2nd ed. oxford: Westview. p12-14. In this book the chapter microcredit in development project considers the history of starting microcredit process of grameen bank. It considers how the bank has grown and extend loans in rural Bangladesh, specially to poor women. its also consider the figer of parcent of people who under this program and money the borrowed. M.L. Narasaiah (2008).  Microcredit and women. India: Discovary Publishing House. p1-61 The research objective considers in this book how grameen bank develop a micro-lending program to help the poorest people. It also concerns about how This program has empowered thousands of peoplemany of them womenand surprised experts in economic development who never believed that the very poor would find the initiative and ability to repay even the smallest ($25-$500) loans. Benton E. Gup (2003).  The future of banking. Westport: Quorum Books. p319-331 The research objective considers in this book the chapter named Microcredit for the poorest country. its explained origin of microcredit, summary of Grameen bank, Empowering the poor through microcredit in bangladesh and aslo some case study. 4) Extents meets the criteria of my research question are: The word microcredit did not exist before the seventies. Now it has become a buzz-word among the development practitioners. Microcredit in Bangladesh grameen bank who said bank for poor people made me really fascinated to do my research on this topic. Because women’s position ware less honoured to the family in Bangladesh culture but when Grameen Bank (architect of micro credit in Bangladesh) started delivering special credit scheme opportunity to the women and they started implementing and earning for the family, the status of the women ware changed and their contribution to the decision making in to the family became more important. Also their strategy is different then any other conventional bank in Bangladesh. To develop my research on time I will partly depend on the secondary data that has published in some of the literatures, books, reports and partly on the primary data that will be collected from the field survey by me or my representative, and may also take some telephonic conversation if needed. So it’s might not possible to develop everything but would be possible to make a clear view within the project time frame. During my work the main obstacles might be faced to collect the secondary data, as the microcredit is not available all over the world. For primary data I need some representative in Bangladesh and also need to take some telephonic conversation. My chosen topic The Impact of Grameen Bank Microcredit Program in Bangladesh all about banking system for the poor people in Bangladesh. Its have a clear link to theory. I explained what is microcredit and how it work. What is Grameen bank microcredit program in Bangladesh and how its work. What is the different between conventional banking methodology and Grameen bank methology ect. It is relate clearly to the idea of research question. The topic really appeals me to do select for research of my dissertation. It will be helpful for my future career and very much related of my academic study. Strategic and finance management cover the banking knowledge, whereas I can use in the research method. Although my study gives me knowledge of global business organisation structure, but it can be key method to do research of my work. Reference: Yunus,M(2004)Grameen Bank, Microcredit and Millennium Development Goals.Economic and political weekly. September 2002 Vol.39 No.36 Pp 4-10 Rahman.A (2001). Women and microcredit in rural Bangladesh: anthropological study of the rhetoric and realities of Grameen Bank. 2nd ed. oxford: Westview. p12-14. M.L. Narasaiah (2008).  Microcredit and women. India: Discovary Publishing House. p1-61 Benton E. Gup (2003).  The future of banking. Westport: Quorum Books. p319-331 What is Microcredit (2011) Grameen bank [Online] available at; grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=28Itemid=177 [Accessed 21/05/2011] Is Grameen bank different from conventional bank (2011) Grameen bank [Online] available at; grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=27Itemid=176 [Accessed 22/05/2011] Karim,L. (2008). Demystifying Micro-Credit.  The Grameen Bank, NGOs, and Neoliberalism in Bangladesh. 20 (1), p5-29.

Define and Explain Revolution in Astronomy

Define and Explain Revolution in Astronomy Revolution is an important concept to understand when youre studying the stars. It refers to the movement of a planet around the Sun. All of the planets in our solar system revolve around the sun. The path of the earth around the sun which is one complete cycle of an orbit is approximately 365.2425 days in length. Planetary revolution can sometimes be confused with planetary rotation but they are two separate things. Difference Between Revolution and Rotation While revolution and rotation are similar concepts each is used to describe two different things. Planets, like Earth, revolve or travel around the sun. But the Earth is also spinning on what is called an axis, this rotation is what gives us our night and day cycle. If the Earth didnt spin then only one side of it would face the sun during its revolution. This would make the other side of the Earth very cold as we need the sun for light and heat. This ability to spin on an axis is called rotation. What Is a Terrestrial Year? A full revolution of the Earth around the Sun is known as a terrestrial, or earth year. It takes roughly 365 days for the Earth to complete this revolution. This is what our calendar year is based on.  The Gregorian Calendar is based on the revolution of the earth around the sun to be 365.2425 days in length. The inclusion of a leap year, one where we have an extra day happens every four years to account for the .2425. As Earths orbit changes the length of our years changes as well. These types of changes usually happen over millions of years. Does the Moon Revolve Around Earth? The moon orbits, or revolves, around the Earth. Each planet affects the other one. The moon has some interesting effects on the Earth. Its gravitational pull is responsible for the rise and fall of the tides. Some people believe that the full moon, a stage in the moons revolution, causes humans to act strangely. However, there is no scientific proof to back up the claim that strange things happen during the full moon. Does the Moon Rotate? The moon does not rotate because it is gravitationally locked with the Earth. The moon has synched up with the Earth in such a way that the same side of the moon is always facing the earth. This is why the Moon always looks the same. Its known that at one point the moon did rotate on its own axis. As our gravitational pull on the  moon got stronger the moon stopped rotating. What Is a Galactic Year? The time it takes for the solar system to orbit the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is referred to as a galactic year. Its also known as a cosmic year. There are 225 to 250 Million terrestrial (earth) years in one galactic year. Thats a long trip!

Kraft Tang Consumer Sales Promotions and Sales Promotions Research Paper

Kraft Tang Consumer Sales Promotions and Sales Promotions - Research Paper Example Kraft Foods manufactures and markets packaged foods, biscuits, confectionery items, hot and cold beverages, cheeses, ready-to-eat meals and other grocery items. Kraft food provides these products to approximately 170 countries world-wide (Kraft Foods Inc. Annual Report). Furthermore, the Annual Report states that Kraft Foods generated as high a 57% of their net revenues outside of their home country (8). Kraft Food Inc. is a company that produces Tang. Tang is a non-carbonated soft drink that comes in liquid and powdered form. Tang has recently been added at the twelfth position to the list of billion dollars brands owned by Kraft Foods, which includes brands like Oreo, Oscar Mayer, Cadbury and Maxwell House (Schultz & Zmuda). However, according to Schultz, international sales promotions and other marketing efforts in countries like Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Philippines have accounted for a major chunk of revenues of Tang. Sales promotion is a type of marketing activity. According to Lamb et al, the main purpose of sales promotion is to facilitate purchase by providing short-term incentive to consumers or retailers in the form of discounts or added value. The sales promotion directed at consumers is called consumer sales promotion and the one directed at members of the supply-chain is referred to as trade sales promotion (537). Sales promotion have become more common than ever before, this is because of higher degree of completion as well as a larger array of media choices which provide information to the consumers. Tang has had to face a lot of challenges both locally and internationally in terms of sales promotion. According to the Kraft Foods Inc Annual Report (8), they concentrate their marketing efforts in three key areas: the first is targeted at the consumer in the form of mass-media, out-door, print and digital media, the second is offering consumer incentives like coupons and contests and lastly they engage in trade promotions to

The 1968 Theft Act Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The 1968 Theft Act - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the 1968 Theft Act was supposed to come with simplified rules and policies that were meant to eliminate the many dilemmas and confusions that criminal lawyers had faced earlier. Unfortunately, soon after its introduction into the legislation more complexities started to arise. It appeared that most of the concepts that were designed to bring out clarity in theft cases turned out to bring more confusion following the various proceedings that advanced from there henceforth. The most controversial concept being appropriation which had been introduced into the law to simplify things by replacing taking and carrying away. The term was defined in partiality by section 3 (1) of the Theft Act. Lack of further explanation on the term by the legislative is what caused more problems. Two issues arose:Â  one is what the relationship between consent and appropriation was and the second, the possibility of appropriating property that was acquired i n a transaction impeccable at civil law. This essay tries to analyze these facts using issue raised in two important cases R v Hinks and DPP v Gomez. The researcher of this essay also utilizes Shute’s views from his article Appropriation and the law of theft. The purpose of this research is to investigate the following: consent and appropriation; unimpeachable transfers and appropriation and evaluation of arguments Hinks case.... 41). There are other valid reasons where a transaction is censured at common law on a number of certain defined grounds. These can be where the transaction is a product of duress, and it may have been through deception, undue influence, fraud, or misrepresentation (Horder & Shute, 1993, p. 549). Sometimes the transaction can be vitiated to have occurred because there was enough reason to believe one party was unconscious. In the event that any of the above occurs then the transaction should remain valid until the transferor repudiates it successfully. Unimpeachable Transfers and Appropriation This issue arises where a transfer of property is unimpeachable at both equity and at common law. This matter arose in Mazo (1997) case where a house cleaner took advantage of her employer’s mental incapability to dishonestly receive and cash cheques made payable to her by her boss. The house cleaner was sentenced to Jail after being found guilty for five counts of theft and one count of attempted theft. On her appeal, the court held it that the case was consistent with that of Lawrence v Metropolitan Police commissioner (1972) where the House of Lords decision was that in the event a valid gift was made then there could be no theft. However, it was not clear as per Viscount Dilhorne’s speech in the Lawrence case whether the House of Lords could not charge the receiver of the gift with theft, which was consistent with the ruling in Gomez case. This decision was later addressed in the case of Hinks that happened two years later after the Gomez and Lawrence cases. In Hinks case, he was convicted of five counts of theft despite his argument that the sums received were gifts and loans therefore could not be appropriated

Chiquitas Global Turnaround Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chiquitas Global Turnaround - Research Paper Example From the case, it is clear that Chiquita’s decisions are based on profitability. The profitability of the company is dictated by the ability to reduce costs. Thus, the company does not have an elaborate human resources strategy. Chiquita buys most of its products from subsidiaries. As a result, the subsidiaries are responsible for a majority of Chiquita’s staff. To assert control over the human resource practices of its subsidiaries, Chiquita signed an agreement with its subsidiaries regarding the rights of workers. The agreement meant that Chiquita would only engage suppliers who adhere to the practices of the company, thus revamping its reputation. The precursor firm, United Fruit, had a poor relationship with workers because it prohibited employees from joining labor unions.As such, the bargaining power of the employees was limited and resorted to mass action. However, the company revamped its human resource strategy under the new management and established favorable labor relations. Currently, the company engages employees in many aspects of the operations such as innovation, decision making and research and development.The fact that Chiquita pressures its subsidiaries to adopt is human resources strategy increased its costs. Suppliers who pay higher wages as a result of Chiquita directive often transfer the cost to the company through offering their products at a higher price. Stakeholders have different interests that a corporation should consider in the corporate responsibility strategy.

Sports tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports tourism - Essay Example As a result, this experience takes on a perceptual role that entails catering to pivotal contents of accommodation and often the key motive for traveling to a given tourist destination. My target market is students looking for a summer or winter holiday and vacation that fulfills their sporting needs extensively. Sporting at the edges of beaches should bring about an educational and incidental experience for higher learning students from across the globe. A beach known for health-promoting properties in terms of sand and air quality should catch the attention of sports fans who are especially conscious of their health. In addition, a reasonably distant location should make for an affordable sporting ground for students. A target market of students should allow me to combine the sporting event with a set of fascinating 12-hour trips into the nearby areas to gain an understanding of its tradition, geography, and history. The sports experience would cost a maximum of $300 per student for one weekend that begins on Thursday evening. Out of this total cost, $105 caters for accommodation at a 3-star hotel close to the beach, sports grounds, and tracks. Local guides would get $45 of this package fee and $75 for sporting equipment and trainers. Students, in conjunction with their guardians and even schools in some cases, should be able to afford this experience for their summer or winter holidays. This sporting experience is not international as the beaches, sports fields, and tracks are local. Guides will be able to walk guests to nearby sites such as ports, towns, and other landmarks. Being close to the beach is advantageous to guests interested in beach and water sports such as swimming and beach volleyball. A local sporting experience removes transport costs from the overall cost and allows students to engage in their favorite sports at a

The Marketing Mix Marketing Communications Analysis (Promotion) Assignment

The Marketing Mix Marketing Communications Analysis (Promotion) - Assignment Example In its effort to create strong consumer awareness, Axe has adopted TV commercials, billboards and magazine adverts. This has been achieved through application of humor in its adverts. For example, in one of its adverts, the products depicts that when a consumer uses it he will see seven Snow Whites rather than Seven Dwarfs. To improve its publicity, Unilever adopts public releases that are aimed at improving consumer perception towards its brands. Through the public release, the company identifies Axe as a cool, stylish and fashionable brand. One of the major strategies that Axe has implemented in its creation of strong customer relationship is sponsoring of various events including youth festivals and music shows. In such events, the brand freely interacts with males aged 17 to 25 years who are its key target market. The humor that is portrayed through its adverts travels from a user to the other. In this way, Axe deodorant has successfully created a positive product- consumer relationship that is vital to face of its rivals in the contemporary competitive business environment. Through its websites, Unilever gives notification to its consumers regarding new products in the market. In order to ensure effective communication with its customers, Axe has emulated social sites such as Face book, Twitter and Orkut thus initiating a feedback mechanism through which consumers can give their views on the promotional programs adopted by the brand. Additionally, Axe deodorant initiated a Call Me Campaign (Virginia Sole-S 23). According to this promotion technique, consumers are advised to call 9987333333 so as to communicate with Axe Girl known as Tanya. As a result, consumers are eligible to win prizes such as iphones and

Sports tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports tourism - Essay Example As a result, this experience takes on a perceptual role that entails catering to pivotal contents of accommodation and often the key motive for traveling to a given tourist destination. My target market is students looking for a summer or winter holiday and vacation that fulfills their sporting needs extensively. Sporting at the edges of beaches should bring about an educational and incidental experience for higher learning students from across the globe. A beach known for health-promoting properties in terms of sand and air quality should catch the attention of sports fans who are especially conscious of their health. In addition, a reasonably distant location should make for an affordable sporting ground for students. A target market of students should allow me to combine the sporting event with a set of fascinating 12-hour trips into the nearby areas to gain an understanding of its tradition, geography, and history. The sports experience would cost a maximum of $300 per student for one weekend that begins on Thursday evening. Out of this total cost, $105 caters for accommodation at a 3-star hotel close to the beach, sports grounds, and tracks. Local guides would get $45 of this package fee and $75 for sporting equipment and trainers. Students, in conjunction with their guardians and even schools in some cases, should be able to afford this experience for their summer or winter holidays. This sporting experience is not international as the beaches, sports fields, and tracks are local. Guides will be able to walk guests to nearby sites such as ports, towns, and other landmarks. Being close to the beach is advantageous to guests interested in beach and water sports such as swimming and beach volleyball. A local sporting experience removes transport costs from the overall cost and allows students to engage in their favorite sports at a

How the Internet has Simplified the Business Transactions Article

How the Internet has Simplified the Business Transactions - Article Example E-commerce has evolved over the past several decades as discussed below in sequence; Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the changing of the business documents in a standard electronic format among business partners through the computer-to-computer. Both the end-user who engage in the demanding of the products and the factory worker who is tasked by supplying the product don’t have fear of the fundamental of technology that operates by capturing the requirement or the route that the signals transmitting demands follow via the Network Edge Soon after the buyer will be notified of the what is required has been recognized on the other end by the seller where he creates the product as demanded and delivery at the required destination and immediately payments are processed. Both the end user of the product and the maker of the product are concerned with demand and supply that is properly focused and the qualitative issues of customer satisfaction, responsiveness, and performance. E-Commerce services may be seen as it faces a list challenge since it is a paperless system, and paperwork documentation has been eliminated. Although creating and maintaining an e-commerce exchange is a complex task because traditional issues of pricing, quality, scheduling, liabilities, warranties, intellectual property, and risk management are all present, but are not visible to the user behind the HTML faà §ade of the Web site. Also, there are e-commerce- specific issues, which add complexity to the process of contract formation, which includes, Operational—defining the inner connections and functions of the exchange; Terms & Conditions—defining the relationship of the parties; a Transparency—defining the user experience.

President of India and Equal Rights Essay Example for Free

President of India and Equal Rights Essay First of all youth need to have strong character which need to be based on a catch word watch, standing for people who watch their Words (W), Actions (A), Thoughts (T), First of all the youth should fight for equal rights for all the citizens. Even now, there are lots of people who do not get equal rights. India should have youth politicians and they should live in clean democracy and let others also to live in corruption free India as India is now full of corruption. We see lots of news related to corruption each day. In the present day the burning topic is Black Money, but is the answer in getting the money back or is it important to eradicate the root cause from where this comes? In this fashion the problems need to be addressed. The youth should not get swayed away by lucrative political slogans, this is what the meaning of watch   is all about. There is great responsibility on the shoulders of youth in abolishing corruption. They should also empower the masses to fight for their rights. Nowadays the youth brains of India are working as brains for other countries looking for great salaries . The youth should work for the development of their own country. So looking for jobs within the country is a great thing for realizing the dreams of Dr. Kalam. The youth should involve in the social issues like those. So the youth should take part in promoting national integration. As I said before, all should have equal rights and responsibilities as a citizen of india. So the youth should take part in empowering women to participate equally in all fields for the development of our country..

The Rogerian approach to therapy has severe limitations

The Rogerian approach to therapy has severe limitations Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a major force for psychology in the twentieth century. His theory on client centred therapy is still used today in mainstream counselling though now it is more widely known as person centred. To whether client centred therapy is supportive rather than reconstructive, Rogers work focused on phenomenology and his three core conditions to a working relationship; Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy and Congruence. I will explore which aspects are supportive and which are reconstructive and whether there are any limitations to this approach. Rogers believed that everyone has the ability to change for the better and they hold all the answers within them even if they do not know it yet. His theory was based around three core conditions that the therapist should abide by in order to help the client feel at ease, feel confident in themselves and develop their own answers. These core conditions are Empathy, Congruence and Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR). This essay will look at Rogers theory on client-centred therapy; Phenomenology and the three core conditions. The essay will also evaluate whether there are any limitations to Rogerian theory due to it being supportive rather than reconstructive. In 1928, Carl Rogers went off to Rochester, NY where he took his first job at the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children where he worked essentially as a child clinical psychologist until 1938. In 1936 Rogers became interested in the Rankian approach to therapy after attending a series of Otto Ranks lectures. Rogers always stated that Rankian influenced the shape that person centered counseling took, especially its emphasis on the positive characteristics of the individual, the quality of the therapeutic relationship, and a focus on responding to feelings. I became infected with Rankian ideas. (Kramer cited in www.ottorank.com) When Rogers was at Rochester he worked with a mother whose son was displaying behavioural problems. Dryden (2007) wrote that Rogers saw the root of the problem as the mothers rejection of her son as a baby. Rogers could not get the mother to see this and was about to give up when she asked for adult counselling for herself. This shift in focus served as a catalyst for her to speak about all her problems she was experiencing. Rogers found this case a turning point in what therapy should be about; the client (Rogers 1939). It began to occur to me that unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would be better to rely upon the client for the direction of movement in the process. (Dryden 2007:145) Around the time of Rogers, theorists such as Strange (1950) saw counselling as a relationship, which encourages growth in both and therapist and the client. Smith (1955) defined counselling as therapist led in that they would assist the client in interpreting their problems and thoughts (cited in Chadra Gupta 1989:187) In 1951 Rogers published Client-Centred Therapy which established him highly in the psychotherapeutic community. Rogers claimed that behavioural therapists were preventing their clients from self-actualizing and discovering their own solutions. Carl Rogers (1951) developed his client-orientated approach to meet the demand of personal freedom (Chadra Gupta 1989:187) in that it seats the client at the centre of the process with the therapist just walking alongside. Rogers work was based on the belief that the client know what is best for themselves rather than followers of psychoanalysis and behavioural theories which sees the therapist interpreting the problem and what is solution is. Rogers try to make clients feel unique, he wanted to understand how the client felt and reflected their statements back to them. Rogers (1951) saw the purpose of counselling being a more broadly based structure of self, an inclusion of a greater projection of experience as a part of self and a more comfortable and realistic adjustment to life. (Chadra Gupta 1989:11) Rogers tended to distance himself from already established theories as he felt that it attempted to fit the client into a mould rather than seeing the client as they are. He found then that he could devote his energy instead to relating deeply to his clients and discovering with them what worked. (Thorne 2003:24) Rogers had an understanding that a person was not just made up of ID and Ego (Freudian theory) but was also a product of his or her environment, family and values. He saw a persons behaviour as subjective to himself or herself. To Rogers, the equality between the client and therapist was integral to a healthy and positive therapeutic relationship. Rogers felt that if the therapist were to be seen as the expert it would throw the relationship off balance, as it is the client who is the one with all the answers, not the therapist. The issue of power is central to his understanding of the therapeutic relationship. (Thorne 2003:25) The subjective experience of the client is key to Rogers client centred approach and if the therapist is the one with the power then the client may feel no validity in their own thoughts and self understanding. Hence, the therapeutic relationship breaks down and the client will never achieve success in finding his or her own answers (i.e. Conditional Regard of what the therapist wants). Rogers therapy is supportive in that the therapist accompanies the client on their journey whilst displaying UPR, congruence and empathy but it is also reconstructive as it enables the client to make the right changes for themselves without any judgement of the therapist. The therapist should be a facilitator not an authorative expert. In my opinion, Rogers seeing the clients as client and not patients is what sets aside this form of working from the doctor-patient medical model. Rogers way of working encouraged therapy o be a process about the individual and their needs, not a diagnostic tool which is generic to every patients symptoms. The process is the key factor. (Dryden 2007:186) Phenomenology holds the belief that all humans behave in response and accordance of their own subjective understanding and awareness of where we are in the world. The therapists function is to aid the client in the exploration and discovery of his or her own inner resources. (Thorne 2003:25) Central to Rogers phenomenological theory is optimism and that a human has a basic optimistic view and if supported in finding an understanding in their subjective world, then the client would start to engage in behaviours and thoughts that were positive. This concept became known as The Actualising Tendency. Carl Rogers believed that there was one motivational force that determined the development of the human being. He called this the Actualising Tendency. (Mearns Thorne 2008:12) In Rogers understanding and anthropological research he found that humans, in nature, have an innate desire to move towards progress, positiviness and their potential. Like a flower sown in rough soil surrounded by darkness and poisons, it will strive towards even a glimmer of light in order to survive and grow. Rogers saw peoples behaviour as no different. Rogers continued this analogy by explaining that the rougher and poorer soil (i.e. the environment someone is in), the more water and nourishment theyll need. The harder a persons situation and circumstances, the more support they will need to find and grow towards their Actualising Tendency. Depending on the person, this process can be slow and sometimes even stop depending on their self-perception or other parts of them, which can be, more resistant to change or self-realisation. The Human Organism itself manifests this tendency and has infinite inner resources. For Rogers the tendency to actualise the self is essentially a subsystem of the Actualising tendency. (Thorne 2003:27) This supportive element of Rogers worth explored questions such as How does it feel and What it be like toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦known as Spotlighting. Although Rogers is directing the conversion, the client is still recognising their own behaviours and coming to their own conclusions about any changes that need to be implemented; self-actualizing. This is reconstructive an example of this would be weight loss: Within the framework of the Self Actualizing Tendency Rogers believed that humans have enormous resources for successful living and to achieve a happy and fulfilled life. Rogers believed that your body knows what it wants and needs and when it is full; you just need to listen to it. The body and mind are connected together with Phenomenology. To the client food may represent more than food, it may represent comfort, acceptance and stress relief and the natural relationship is changed. This can also happen when people starve themselves or diet unhealthily to be an acceptable size by size 0 society norms. When people are pregnant they tend to listen less to society and more to their body and less to society and previous conditioned values i.e. I might be getting bigger but my baby needs me to eat more. Rogers supported in clients in feeling open enough to talk about their relationship with food and would help them peel back the onion layers i.e. you overeat due to stress, lets address the feelings of stress first. The client then can rebalance their emotional need without eating to feel normal. Through Empathy, UPR and Congruence, the client begins the process of self-actualizing without any limitations imposed from the therapist. This is when the therapist reflects what they key issues that need to be addressed. Although this seems to conflict with Rogers belief that the client finds their own answers, once the key issues are spotlighted, the client then decides what they want to focus on, even if the therapist sees the answers lying elsewhere. Fully Functioning (Rogers 1963) people are as Rogers described are psychologically healthy persons who have been fortunate enough to be surrounded by others whose acceptance and approval have enabled them for at least some of the time to be in touch with their deepest feelings and experiences. (Mearns Thorne 2008:15) Fully Functioning clients have trust in the organismic valuing process and feel confident. Others who are not fully functioning are those who have faced or continue to face negativity, conditional positive regard and judgement. The key to Rogers client centred approach was the concept of self worth. Rogers identified that when we are born we have a tendency towards actualisation. This gets cloudy the older we get, once we inherit parental values, different environments and conditions of worth, reward and our need for positive regard increases. We require at some level and in some way, however minimal, to feel good about ourselves and if this need is not met it is difficult to function in the world. (Thorne 2003: Rogers theory of self was based on the principle that if we are raised in a supportive and positive environment where we receive positive reinforcement for who are and want to do, then we trust in own abilities and our thoughts and feelings in order to make the correct decisions in line with our perception of the world. If however, we are raised in an environment filled with conditions of worth such as If you do x then you will be good or Mummy will love you if, then our need for positive regard in dependant on other people. We will grow up only recognising achievements depending on values and responses of others rather than feeling fulfilled in whom we are and the life we lead; we are only dependent on ourselves. Psychological disturbances will be perpetuated if an individual continues to be dependent to a high degree on the judgement of others for a sense of self worth. (Mearns Thorne 2008:153) Rogers believed that this dissonance between our innate need for approval and our inner self-wisdom is the root cause of much inner disturbance and lack of self-confidence to make positive decisions on our own, for ourselves. Rogers saw this as a lack of self-trust in the organismic valuing process. If people are not raised in a supportive environment where they are listened to and valued then the supportive environment of Rogerian therapy might be their first experience of feeling valued. Rogers believed in a mixture of his therapy being supportive as well as reconstructive and the process should emphasise the thinking with the individual, not for the individual. People cannot only be affected by their inter-personal relationships but also by their social and cultural norms. An example of this affecting a persons Actualizing Tendency is when the media and society portrays a size 0 image as what is the new definition of beautiful. For those that arent that particular size it could make them feel devalued by society and could impact on their esteem and confidence levels. This is turn could affect and superseded their Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) they received from their parents saying they are ok the way they are and leave the person feeling lost and insecure. Rogers highlighted the importance of giving UPR in sessions, empathising with clients and building a good rapport and level of trust. Through this client-focused medium, the client can start working on the issues they feel are negative to them; comparing themselves and valuing themselves against the size 0 images in magazines. The therapist aims to create an environment in which the client can be supported to achieve personal growth by reconnecting with their Organismic Valuing Process (how I feel), Self-Actualizing Tendency (what do I need) and their Internal Locus of Control (I am worthy). These supportive key elements to Rogers theory highlight the persons need for unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence. The therapist provides a relationship of trust, warmth and UPR that encourages clients to talk about themselves and their feeling. (Heap Aravind 2002:186) Empathy by Collins dictionary definition is the power of understanding and imaginatively entering into another persons feelings. (www.freedictionary.com) Empathy is the therapists ability to understand the clients subjective perceptual world and how they see themselves and the world around them. It is a process. In person centred therapy the counsellor tries to enter the clients frame of reference and walk alongside him in his world. (Mearns Thorne 2008:69) It is important that the therapist remains reliable and strong and not get sucked down into the clients world so much that they lose sight of their role in this process. A good analogy of where that boundary is and why is The Well. If a client is stuck at the bottom of a well there is little point the therapist getting down into the well with them to find out how they are as then they would both be stuck. Instead, the therapist could sit on the edge of the well, talking to the client and empathising that this situation must be hard, lonely etc without being down there and equally stuck. Rogers believed that an empathetic approach required the therapist to be secure within themselves before entering into a clients world: the As If factor. This is to state that the therapist should enter to clients world as if they were there, not get lost in it. When this is achieved, there can be movement in the clients self-concept and worth, as the therapist is able to express empathetic responses, which show the client they are being understood. Although each person experiences the world differently, a therapists understanding and appreciation of a persons problems and hardship can be supportive to the client. Rogers believed that empathy could be shown in therapy through good body language, summarising and reflection. Empathy is a continuing process whereby the counsellor lays aside her own way of experiencing and perceiving reality, preferring to sense and respond to the experiencing and perceptions of her client. (Mearns Thorne 2008:67) Communication is key to this core condition. When a client feels accepted, valued and understood it aids feelings of alienation, loneliness and desperation. Rogers referred back to these core conditions as integral to person centred counselling therapy. Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) as non-judgemental acceptance of a client and is key to the client feeling safe enough to work through their negative feelings. Rogers believed in peoples honesty when not faced with judgment and rejection; the client should be accepted as they are not as they want to be or how the therapist feels they should be. Rogers advocated that the client should be totally accepted with no exceptions. If the therapist accepts you, that is one step closer to self-acceptance. If the therapist can show UPR regardless of what the client says i.e. I hate my mother and want to kill her and empathise with how they feel, they will be in a relaxed trustworthy environment to open up to what might be underlying these feelings. Rogers believed these core conditions can help the client come to terms with their emotions and in turn, their self-regard will improve. Although this could be seen as facilitating a change I see it as more reconstructive as it can go far deeper than the presenting need and the therapist might never be aware of where the change is actually happening i.e. being able to talk about hating their mother might spark revelations that can now be accepted i.e. Its not my fault. In practical terms it can be hard for some therapists to let go of the power or lead the client to elicit change. This will lead the client down their own path of self-change and correction of negative behaviours and false statements which is far more powerful. Rogers saw that most people accessing therapy had little UPR in their life and saw this is a root of their problems. Unconditional positive regard is the label given to the fundamental attitude of the person centred counsellor towards her clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and is not deflected in that valuing by any particular client behaviours. (Mearns Thorne 2008:95) Rogers believed that this consistent unconditional regard aids the clients process of feeling valued and break down barriers the client might be putting up in order to feel accepted. Unconditional Positive Regard is important as it directly conflicts with the self-defeating cycle. This cycle (Mearns Thorne 2008:99) promotes a clients condition of worth, which they might have carried around all their life. With the therapist counteracting this, it can aid the client in finding a break through in their negative patterns. These core conditions to Rogerian client-centred therapy are both supportive; the UPR, but also reconstructive as the client is the one finding their own answers, without condition or judgment from the therapist. Yet this can only be achieved with empathy and congruence otherwise it may seem false. Congruence is characterised by the therapist being transparent to the client, not superior to them. It is genuine, authentic and real. The therapist conveys this genuine realness and allows the client to see them as a human being not a doctor hiding behind certificates and metaphorical white coats. Congruence can be displayed verbally; thats terrible, I dont understand, please say that again, and non-verbal communication such as facial expressions and body language which reflects, not mimics, the clients. This process of the three core conditions supports the client in feeling relaxed and confident to look at their problems honestly and without judgement though it is reconstructive as the client is the one in the drivers seat; making the changes for themselves. From the reading I have done for this essay I feel that the one main limitation to Rogerian theory regarding its supportive nature would be that Rogers non-directive approach to therapy is not consistent as reconstructive as with techniques such as summarising and selective reinforcement, answers and reactions can be shaped. I have found another limitation is Rogers belief in the potential of the fully functioning person, which is not achievable in reality. Although the idea is something to aim for! Does supportive mean it cant be reconstructive? Only the client knows what they need and once they connect with that, only they will know how they feel. The therapist can support them in their journey but it is actually made by the client. Rogation therapy is based on both a supportive and reconstructive stance as the client benefits from the empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard and congruence the therapist gives them but ultimately it is the client who recognises where changes could be beneficial and implicates them. One of the most rewarding moments in a counselling process comes when a client discovers or re-discovers the dependability of his organismic valuing process however temporary or partial this may be. (Mearns Thorne 2008:14) I feel in conclusion that Rogerian therapy can be both supportive and reconstructive and that is the mix of the two, which takes away any major limitations. WORD COUNT: 3449

Radiation in Cellular Phones Essays -- Technology Research Essays

Radiation in Cellular Phones Introduction: The use of cellular phones is an ever-increasing necessity. With this growing usage comes the customer concern of the safety of the product. You see, cellular telephones are known to emit low levels of radiofrequency energy in the microwave range when in use. This is the same type of radiation found in household microwaves. Even more significant, the cellular telephones emit the same type of low level radiofrequency (RF) while in standby mode. This indicates that being exposed to the RF does not require the phone to be in use, just that it is nearby. The concern, however, is with "the kind that have a built-in antenna that is positioned close to the user's head during normal telephone conversation... because of the short distance between the phone's antenna -- the primary source of the RF -- and the person's head" (FDA). Thus, there are many ethical issues that need to be considered. How Does a Mobile Call Work Anyway? Basically, the person using the cellular phone makes a call. This is transmitted via low energy radio signals to the nearest tower owned by your service provider. The call can now do either one of two things. If the person on the other end is on a landline, the call is then transferred to them via telephone cables. However, if the other person is on a cellular phone as well, the process is reversed. The signal is sent from the service provider to the nearest antenna site from the receiving person. Professional Issues:  · the cellular phone companies are already making a LOT of money in developing and selling these phones  · cellular phones make it convenient for EVERYONE to keep in contact with each other  · cellular phones... ...s from their current customers, but they will also lose business from prospective buyers. Not fixing the phones and essentially denying that there is a problem, they are sending the message that they don’t care about concerns regarding their product until concrete find factual evidence. They are taking the slippery route in that the outcome can still be that they would have to replace the phones as in the first route. This negative image is definitely what the companies need, ethically as well as business wise. Final Decision: Therefore, my final decision is to take the safe and ethical route, which is to recall all cellular telephones and either fix or replace them to the standards that is not only expected from the public, but also from the government. This action would project a positive image to all of the stakeholders, and is what business is all about.

Possible Community Health Hesi Topics

Potential Community Health HESI Topic Areas These are some additional areas you may want to considering being familiar with: Ancathosis nigricans A skin condition characterized by dark, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases. Most often, acanthosis nigricans affects your armpits, groin and neck. There's no specific treatment for acanthosis nigricans † but treating any underlying conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, may cause the changes in your skin changes to fade Characteristics of acanthosis nigricans include: Skin changes. Skin changes are the only signs of acanthosis nigricans.You'll notice dark, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases † typically in your armpits, groin and neck. Sometimes the lips, palms or soles of the feet are affected as well. Slow progression. The skin changes appear slowly, sometimes over months or years. Possible itching. Rarely, the affected areas may itch. Acanthosis nigricans is often associated with conditions that increa se your insulin level, such as type 2 diabetes or being overweight. If your insulin level is too high, the extra insulin may trigger activity in your skin cells. This may cause the characteristic kin changes.Question pertained to nurse checking for lice and noticing dark patch of skin on neck. Advisor role Antepartum – risk factors Anthrax incubation and exposure Assess trends and patterns Assessing income Assessment – validation Assignments – home care; Make sure students know how to prioritize home health clients (i. e. which ones to see/call back first. ) When given the choice between a patient with COPD who is short of breath, a terminally ill pt who refuses to eat or drink, or a pt with congestive heart failure who has gained 3 lbs, choose the last one. Asthma triageBattering-communication If the question pertains to a nurse suspecting a female patient has been abused and the woman has her child in the room with her, the nurse should ask the child to leave the room and question the woman about the abuse. The question does not pe rtain to the child being abused. Breast cancer-risk (who is at greatest risk) Calculate rate – population COBRA-cost (client still has to pay for expenses) When the question asks what would be a concern for a person who has lost their Job but has COBRA, the answer is paying for health care/expenses.Communicable disease (pertussis) Community – assessment Community Assessment – TB Community data source Community education – evaluate Community resource – elderly Community resources-population age Community resources – rural Community strategies – mental deficiencies Cultural competence Cultural -lactose intolerant Cultural – Native American (Native Americans are at high risk for diabetes – have the highest rates, so the nurse needs to screen for and educate about this).Culturally sensitive teaching CV disease – African American Diabetes AIC If a nurse is working in a community with high rates of diabetes and implements a rogram, at the end of 1 year (or whatever evaluation period is stated) the nurse will want to evaluate hemoglobin A1 C levels to determine effectiveness of program.Disaster – Cholera (Priority for treating those with cholera: fluid and electrolytes) Disaster- Professional Disaster – red tag triage Disaster planning Disaster Preparedness – START Disaster triage – color system Elder abuse-Home setting Elder health – assessment Employee health Epidemiological triad host Epidemiological triad agent Fall in home Family assistance – ophthalmic meds Family ecomapFlu vaccine-priority Gatekeeper Genetic risk – assessment Geriatrics – home nutrition Geriatric syndrome – home health GTD-hCG values Health Promotion Program – Planning Heart healthy diet – limit Heat stroke If an adolescent is playing sports at school and goes to the school nu rse with red, dry skin and other symptoms of heat stroke, the first thing the nurse should do is call for emergency personnel (not assess). Hepatitis A – risk Hep B vaccine – pregnancy Hepatovax B allergy Home care referral Home Health – Management Home health – PT Home safety – post arthroplastyHypertension-BP measure Immunize – 3rd world country Immunization rates Increase vaccination rates Infant mortality rate Influenza -prophylactic Relenza Lillian Wald – Henry Street (she established the Henry Street Settlement) Lipid screening Long-term care-infection Long-term car – fall prevention Meals-on-wheels Medicare Menomune vaccine Migrant worker risks Morbidity data – gather Morbidity data-glaucoma If a nurse is working with an elderly population and most of them are choosing to get a surgery that will CURE glaucoma, then the nurse will be concerned with assessing revalence of glaucoma (not morbidity).Needs assessment Ne ighborhood safe houses Neuman model – line of defense Obese children-parent involvement Occupational health – smoking Occupational nurse practitioner role Oral contraceptives – smokers Osteoporosis – prevention Outcome evaluation Polypharmacy – GERI Post vaccination teaching Primary prevention – adolescents Primary prevention – WIC Priority – HF lab results Program goal setting ty Care – nursing nome Quality Care – public clinic management Quality health – bicycle safety Rash with fever – PEDI (chicken pox)Ritalin evaluation – adolescent Assessing intervention with ADHD in an adolescent: get their feedback on improvement, as their self-esteem is priority School age screen (obesity) School nurse role If an adolescent comes to a school nurse and tells her she is pregnant, the nurse will want to implement measures to ensure the teen and her baby are healthy. These things include referral to prena tal care, encouraging prenatal vitamins, etc.The nurse will NOT tell the parents and things like arranging childcare or teaching breastfeeding are not something the school nurse will be involved in. creening – DM – PEDI Screening priority Question regarding hypothyroidism and the nurse recognizes that mental dysfunction is a long-term consequence. What is screening priority? Answers included screening for T3 in preschoolers or children (? ), iodine screening in people over 60, TSH in women over 45, and T4 in newborns. The answer is T4 in newborns.Seat belt safety-adolescents Secondary prevention – tobacco Secondary prevention – children Sensitivity of tests Social organization Stakeholder If a community health nurse is going into a community to try to develop or implement n intervention, remember one of the key things he/she must do is form a relationship with someone who would be identified as the stakeholder. Stakeholders will be someone who is invested in the health of the community and will be invested in the program to be implemented.They will be vital in the nurse gaining access into the community, the success of the program, and ensuring the sustainability of the program. STD-Reporting If an adolescent goes to the health dept and is diagnosed with chlamydia, the nurse must report this. It is a reportable disease that is monitored by the state and the CDC, and the disease intervention specialist must be informed to do contact tracing.

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal people over the past Century The rights and freedoms of Aboriginal Australians have changed tremendously over the past decade. The treatment given to the indigenous population of Australia has been an aggravating issue, ever since the white settlement in Australia. As a matter of protection, the Australian governments have implemented, rules, and policies such as, ‘the policy of protection’, assimilation, integration, paternalism, and self-determination, gradually taking away, and disempowering the Aboriginals, and their rights, and freedoms.Paternalism greatly affected individual Aboriginals. During the years of 1901 to 1914, many states and governments maintained similar attitudes and perspectives of the indigenous Australians. Predominantly, this perspective/attitude was based on the belief , that the Aboriginal population, were savages, uncivilised, and were regarded as much inferior or hold less mental capacity to determine what is best for them. This lead to paternalism. Paternalism is the meaning for ‘Fatherly’.This attitude led governments to take control over the Aboriginals, who are depicted to be unable to act for themselves. This act forced aboriginal people out of their traditional lands, the white Australians considered the need for agriculture land is much important for them rather than the Aboriginals. By extracting the Aboriginals from their lands and placing them on reserves, and providing them with adequate supplies of food, and other supplies, was thought as humane. The policy of Assimilation changed the freedom and rights of individual Aboriginal Australian.This policy fostered aboriginal people to change their, way of life, and adapt to the culture of ‘white people' the individual aboriginals were expected to absorb and adapt to the white culture. This policy was depicted to be ‘good’ for the indigenous population. The policy of Assimilation was difficult to enf orce, as aboriginal people retaliated, and fought for the rights, and for the preservation of their culture and identity. This lead to the ‘Stolen-generation’ which involved the forceful removal of aboriginal children from their lands, and family. The children were then dispatched into institutions, or were adopted by white families.As a result the policy of Assimilation continued. The policy of protection was linked to the act of paternalism, which had two intentions that is to preserve and protect the aboriginals, and to educate the existing population, on western culture. From the intention of protecting the indigenous population, the aboriginals faced racism, discrimination, and the deterioration of their way of life. For example under the policy aboriginals could be moved onto reserves at any time, they required permission from the government to marry a white person, they could not vote.During the past century, Aboriginal people were forced to accept protectionism. Practicing and following their culture and way of life was strictly prohibited, therefore this policy had a great negative impact upon the aboriginals. For many decades, The Aboriginal organisations have made amendments for the removal of discriminatory references to aboriginal people individuals in Australia. The federal council for the aboriginals launched a campaign for a referendum. These campaigns were established in all states of Australia. In 1967 (45years ago) a referendum was held.During the referendum, one of the two questions asked was whether the derogatory statements and references to aboriginal people should be removed. The referendum has regularly been seen as providing full citizenship to aboriginals. The referendum and the constitutional changes were not quickly enforced however, over time this referendum changed the lives of aboriginals and their participation to the nation. This referendum changed the lives of aboriginal Australians as they are able to participat e in mainstream events, and were able to sustain their way of life, and gained freedom.The rights and freedoms of the indigenous people continued to change as the policy of assimilation was changed into integration. Aboriginal people fought for the individual rights to participate and engage in activities in the mainstream society. Integration allowed aboriginal individuals, for the first time to, keep their way of life, culture, and customs. They were able to make personal decisions on how their life was meant to be. At the year 1965, the commonwealth conference on the aboriginal policy, changed the policy of assimilation to integration.Self-Determination is the fundamental right for a nation or a specific group of people to regulate all aspects of their lives such as, culture. This policy involved the indigenous people, to have complete right to navigate their basic needs and collective wants. This includes secure and private ownership of land, local community control of land, loc al community control of services, and community affairs. For Aboriginal communities, the ownership of a segment of land is vital approach for the achievement of self-determination.Self-determination is linked to many issues, such as the return of human remains and sacred material by museums, the recognition of customary law, access to culture and appropriate education, and culturally of appropriate housing communities. The establishment of Aboriginal owned organisations is an important step towards self-determination. In conclusion, it is evident that the Australian government practiced policies which restricted and controlled the rights and freedoms of the Aboriginal people.From the 1900’s, Policies such as, the policy of protection’, and, assimilation, had negative impact to the aboriginal way of life, and culture. However over the 1960’s policies such as, Integration, self-determination, and the constitutional referendum have brought aboriginals freedom, and rights. They are able to participate in mainstream events, regardless of their race, and were able to practice their way of live, and were able to preserve their cultural heritage. [email  protected] com By: Gokul (10W)

This has always been a major part of my identity

I am Korean.   This has always been a major part of my identity, even though I was born in America.   Being a member of another culture in America means that the way I have always viewed life, and success, is different than the way most Americans view it.   My mother, who was born and raised in Korea, contributed to this significantly.   She did not understand American culture, and never fully adapted to American life.   Living in a new country was confusing for her, which is why she clung so strongly to her native culture.   She passed this culture and way of thinking on to me. My mother was a typical Korean mother – prideful, overbearing, and she always had the attitude of â€Å"I’m always right no matter what you think.†Ã‚   Her attitude was maddening at times, especially when she remained completely calm despite telling me I was wrong and she was right.   However, it was this very attitude that shaped who I turned out to be, in many different ways. Traditional Korean values and American jobs do not mix well.   It was because of my mother’s strong Korean views that she could not keep a steady job in America.   This put us at a real economic disadvantage, but my mother remained strong no matter what.   She would find another job, and continue to provide for us somehow.   Even when money was tight, she was not discouraged.   My mother remained strong and did what she had to do. Watching her strength tore me apart sometimes.   I saw how hard she had to work, just to help us get by.   When I was 14, after having lost another job, my mother was forced to work for my aunt’s cleaning business.   She was assigned to clean a building that was within walking distance of our home, because she often had car troubles.   She made only minimum wage doing this, which I knew was not enough to support us. I asked my aunt if I could work with my mother in order to make extra money to help with bills.   While I can’t say I was thrilled at the prospect of working at the age of 14, I knew I needed to do this.   At first, my aunt resisted letting me, and my mother wasn’t happy either.   She did not want me to work.   However, within a week, both realized how serious I was about working, and they relented.   Already I had picked up from my mother’s attitude that I needed to do what had to be done, even if I did not want to. When we were not working, my mother and I talked sometimes.   Every chance that we had, it would always be about the same dreaded topic — my future. Being so deep inside of the grave, as I liked to call our financial situation, there was only one direction to look – up and out of the hole. I never admitted to myself that I wanted to leave her to go to college; how could I? Life was hard enough with both of us working, so it didn’t seem possible for her to do it on her own.   However, my mother had other ideas about my future.   She wanted what was best for me, and not the life that she had raised me in. I always protested when she told me this, because I wanted to stay and help her.   But she would tell me then, in her serious, don’t-argue tone that I needed to go to college to make my life better.   Our conversations had an enormous effect on my work ethic and my sense of responsibility.   I wanted to receive my degree and help my mom so that she could retire, because she was so selfless in taking care of me, and pushing me towards a brighter future. My mother’s quiet, hard-working attitude left a major impression on me. She taught me never to give up, to always do what is necessary, and to continually strive to do better.   I will not relent in the face of life’s struggles. I will be strong, I will work hard, and I will dream of a future that would not have been possible if it were not for my mother.

What is the view of mission presented by the Book of Acts Essay

What is the view of mission presented by the Book of Acts - Essay Example The stages also show that the nature of missionary in the church emerges from the involvement of the community in particular events with the guidance of the spirit of God. These seven stages are: before the Pentecost, during the Pentecost, the time of Stephen, Samaria and the Ethiopian Eunuch, Cornelius and his household, the apostles in Antioch and the mission to the Gentiles. This episode is found in the book of Acts chapter 1. From this chapter, it is evident that the mission of Jesus in the world was to preach to all people, serve them and to witness about the goodness of God. As Luke explains in the beginning of the book of Acts, Jesus appeared to the twelve disciples after his resurrection. Before he ascended to heaven, he gave them instructions not to leave the City, Jerusalem, before they receive the Holy Spirit. The disciples then ask Jesus if the arrival of God’s Spirit meant that the Kingdom of God will reign on earth. Jesus answers them by saying that they need not to know of the right time of the Kingdom of God but instead they will receive power through the arrival of the Spirit of God. He tells them that they will be witnesses in Jerusalem, Samaria, and Judea and to every part of the world for Christ. The commandment of Jesus to the twelve disciples as Luke describes shows the guidance of the spirit of God to the community in the majo r mission and its identity (1:3-8). After the ascension of Jesus, the disciples did not immediately go to Samaria and Judea; instead, they waited in Jerusalem for the reign of God through the second coming of Jesus. In Jerusalem, they made the number complete by replacing Judas the traitor with Mathias through an election. They ensured that Mathias was like them and was a witness to Jesus. Mathias was with Jesus from the baptism of John until his death and resurrection. This was a preparation for the fulfilment of the great mission that Jesus had ordained. This is because the

Labor Arbitration Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Labor Arbitration Process - Essay Example Another common way of dispute resolution is mediation. It also involves the role of one mediator, but his role is more of a compromiser than a final decision maker. An arbitrator attempts to resolve a dispute by hearing from both management and workers to arrive an amicable solution, which is binding on both parties. The role of a mediator is facilitating the communication between deputed parties to find a solution by themselves in the presence of mediator. Rarely does the mediator exert pressure to accept a solution. Conciliation is another way out for labor problems, but it is more or less same as that of mediation. Today, arbitration is used worldwide as a mechanism of resolving labor problems, and indeed in many other areas. The common forms of arbitration can be defined as below (Arbitration and Mediation): "Compulsory arbitration is a dispute resolution that is required by law. Widely accepted in Australia and New Zealand, compulsory arbitration was practiced by the National War Labor Board during World War II. It is a binding process. Expedited arbitration is a process intended to speed up the arbitration process with an informal hearing and awards generally rendered within five days. It was first used in 1971 in settling disputes in the steel industry. Expedited arbitration was als6 designed as a cost-saving method of dispute resolution. Interest arbitration is the use of an arbitrator or arbitrator board to render a binding decision in resolving a dispute over new contract terms (also called non-justifiable arbitration). Final offer selection arbitration is an interest arbitration process in which the arbitrator or arbitrator board selects either the union or management proposal to the solution. There can be no compromised decisions. This process is also termed either-or arbitration. Tripartite arbitration is a process wherein a three-member panel of arbitrators is used to reach a decision. Both labor and management select an arbitrator and the third is selected by the other two arbitrators or the parties to the dispute as a neutral participant". This essay is an attempt to review the history and future of labor arbitration in the United States, about which there have been many misconceptions. The essay attempts to clarify this much debated issue in a simple and lucid manner and to give an idea about the role of labor arbitration in labor relations. Secondary sources such as internet alone is used to justify the main arguments. History of Labor Arbitration in the U.S. This is a much debates and controversial topic in the United States. There are many misconceptions about the evolution of labor arbitration process in the country. The history of arbitration as a dispute resolving mechanism dates back to English common law and is the oldest form of dispute settlement. There were many instances of the use of arbitration in olden days. Among them the most notable are- "King Solomon was an arbitrator and arbitration was used to settle differences during the Greco-Roman period. George Washington was an advocate of arbitration and, in his will, mandated using the process if disputes arose over his estate. The use of arbitration in labor disputes was a common practice in the late 19th century but developed more rapidly after World War II as a substitute for work stoppages. During World War II, the