Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer

Epidemiology of Pancreatic crabby personIntroductionPancreatic crabmeat is the most lethal and hard to diagnose type of pubic louse and thus often c alled the silent killer. Currently, no early detection method and no effective treat handst are available for pancreatic pubic louse. Moreover, out of all patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, 75% give die within the first year where most within 3-6 months (Klein, 2013). While it is practically impossible to tell what person will develop this type of cancer the essential pathophysiology of cancers can help with understanding the origins and reasons for pancreatic cancer victimization.Like most cancers, pancreatic cancer is caused by ravish to DNA leading to its mutation. These mutations can be originated from different sources which can be categorized according to the nature of the occurrence. Three main categories of mutations have been universally know inherited mutation, age-related, carcinogen caused or due to human beh avior (Klein, 2013). The outcome of the exposure to one or multiple DNA mutation causes may be the constitution of the neoplasms in the pancreatic tissue which may progress to actual pancreatic cancer where initial growth of the tumor is silent therefore, symptoms are usually a sign of advanced disease.The objective of the present research paper is to grittylight the epidemiological facts related to pancreatic cancer (i.e frequency, distribution and determinants of wellness) and identify the public health authorities approaches towards management and control of this devastating health condition.Frequency, Distribution And Determinants of HealthAccording to Canadian crabmeat Registry age-standardized incidence rated (ASIR) of pancreatic cancer has been declined for men by 0.46% on the course from 1991 to 2007 with 11.2 case per 100,000 population in 1991 and 10.5 cases in 2007 respectively. However, during the same period of time the ASIR of pancreatic cancer for women per 100,000 population remained steady with a slight fluctuation hovering around 8.5 case.The prevalence rate in United States and Europe has been calculated to be about 99,901 cases before 2012 with an incidence of 37,685 new cases in 2012. Despite the fact that some significant progress in cancer survival rate has been attained the projected 5-year rate of survival remained persistent meagrely rising to 5.4% since 1975. Such poor outcomes are mostly due to the fact of the nature of the cancer where more than 80% of the patients presenting with already advanced stage and metastatic aetiology (Klein, 2013).However, despite the poor prognosis of 5 age that has been shared by researches conducted both in US, Europe and Canada the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) in Canadian men has declined substantially by 0.61 percent since 1992 lingering around 8.9 cases per 100,000 in 2009 (95% confidence interval). With regards to women ASMR the data from Statistics Canada claims the decrease of 0.2 % for the same period of time which attests to the stability of judge in women (Zaheer Gallinger, 2013).Determinant of HealthThe most commonly recognized carcinogen related to pancreatic cancer is cigarettes. Smoking remains the most associated risk to cancer development having odds ratio (OR) of 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI). Thus, the cessation is the main recommendation being disease specific (Zaheer Gallinger, 2013).Less putative risks associated with this type of cancer include body mass index (BMI) over 35 (OR of 1.55 and 95% CI) and alcohol consumption of over 6 beverages a day is seen to be associated (OR 1.46, 95% CI) (Borgida et al., 2011).Original Epidemiological Studies focussing of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Ontario, Canada a population-based study utilize novel case ascertainmentThis uses prospective case-control and cross-sectional survey empirical study design. The study population is pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) patients in Canada with data sources fro m diagnosed patients of PA between 2003 and 2006 who were identified using electronic pathology reporting (E-path) of the Pathology Information Management System (PIMS). For more information questionnaires were mailed to patients. The main results showed a low participation rate of 26% (351 out of 1325). Nonresponders were mostly over 70 eld old and more equally to have had treatment in non-academic centres. While, 54% of responders had a potentially curative operation with 77% being 70 years or younger (p=0.03). Academic centres had higher resection rates and less frequently aborted resections with curative intent. Low rates showed 43% of responders received chemotherapy and 7% participated in clinical trials (Borgida et al., 2011).Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancerThis uses case-control and prospective observational study design. The study population is Canada with data sources from Cochrane for systematic reviews, reference lists from prior studies, Medline, PubMed a nd Google Scholar using MeSH terms. The main results shows the diagnosis and treatment relevant to the general clinician includes screening via Triphasic abdominal contrast computed tomography is most preferred for diagnosis, smoking cessation as the sole preventative measure, curative potential remains with surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and survival benefit from FOLFIRINOX, gemcitabine alone and plus for advanced cases (Zaheer Gallinger, 2013).Identifying peck at a high risk of developing pancreatic cancerThis uses cohort, case-control and prospective observational study design. The study population is North America with data sources from familial pancreatic cancer registry and other registries (Klein, 2012). The main results was that through relatives of pancreatic cancer patients there has been demonstrated in relation to pancreatic cancer a familial appeal of 1.51.3-fold increased risk, quantified risk of this cancer and other cancers, identification of susceptibility genes in these high risk families and initiation of screening trials (Klein, 2012).Public Health ApproachesElectronic Pathology inform SystemElectronic Pathology Reporting System (E-path) is an approach used to identify pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) patients across Ontario. It is implemented to provide the fastest source of cancer information. Ontario Cancer Registry uses Pathology Information Management System (PIMS), which relies on E-path. The E-path system is a database used for collecting electronic pathology information from laboratories in Ontario that process tumor specimens. E-path provides reports in a timelier manner than paper-based reports and has shown an increase in reports completeness. This has great advantage when studying patients that have fast and progressive disease such as PA. In this system, electronic pathology reports come from each laboratory and are queued in a database by health record technicians for on-screen review. This process occur periodic in most laboratories and weekly in some low-volume laboratories. If the health record technician see the report findings useful, the report will be coded and consolidated with the OCR database. Reports of particular cancers like PA are filtered and printed by study personnel for review (Borgida et al., 2011).Educational Events and SymposiaOrganizations such as Pancreatic Cancer Canada host some series educational events for Pancreatic Cancer (PC) patients, their families, relatives, and friends in places across Canada. These events give opportunity for patients learn more about the topics related to pancreatic cancer. Also, there are meetings or conferences held by leaders in the PC field to talk about different topics and bring mutual trust and friendship to survivors and those touched by the disease (Pancreatic Cancer Canada, 2011).ResearchEstablished partnerships with leading research hospitals to raise the profile of the disease. Funding is being provided by organization like PCC to co ntinue the fight for cancer (Pancreatic Cancer Canada, 2011).ReferencesBorgida, A. E., Ashamalla, S., Wigdan, A-S., Rothenmund, H., Urbach, D., Moore, M., Gallinger, S. (February 2011). Management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Ontario, Canada A population-based study using novel case ascertainment. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 54(1), 54-60. doi 10.1503/cjs.026409Klein, A. P. (December 6, 2012). Identifying people at a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 13(1), 66-74. doi 10.1038/nrc3420Pancreatic Cancer Canada. (2011) Educational Events and Symposia. Retrieved fromhttp//www.pancreaticcancercanada.ca/ web site/PageNavigator/facingpancreaticcancer_educational_events.htmlPancreatic Cancer Canada. (2011) Research. Retrieved from http//www.pancreaticcancercanada.ca/site/PageServer?pagename=research_mainZaheer K. S., Gallinger, S. (2013). Diagnosis and management of pancreatic ca ncer. Pancreatic Cancer Canada. Retrieved from http//www.pancreaticcancercanada.ca/site/DocServer/Steven_Gallinger_report_April_23_2012.pdf?docID=1361